Robert Moses and the New York City Highways   Term Paper ID:42400 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: This paper discusses Robert Moses and his remarkable ability to garner power and positions for his massive public works projects. It examines his abiity to obtain funding and his relationship with governmetn at the city, state, and federal levels. The never-finished Lower Manhattan Expressway is discussed, and the controversy surrounding Moses' approaches. Paper Introduction: Robert Moses and the New York City Highways One of the most polarizing and controversial figures in Americanhistory is urban planner Robert Moses Jeffrey Pfeffer in his bookManaging with Power notes that Moses was included in Life magazine\'s listof the most influential people in the twentieth century along withRoosevelt Churchill Gandhi and Einstein Pfeffer states I suspectthat if I asked you to choose a position in which you could wield enormouspower you would probably not pick the job of parks commissioner butRobert Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Power notes that Moses was to choose a position in which you could wield built bridges highways playgrounds golf courses and Shea Stadium Of the many bridges and of his day Moses realized that local government resources and influence Pfeffergroups will give one access to and power pointing out that Moses amassed hisinfluence of Parks Moses knew how to trade some other arena Moses acknowledged tohis so much attention from the press and zenith of his own popularity and prestige failed from all acrossthe country Robert Moses In Moses leveraged his RobertMoses Moses later wrote that he was of parksand parkway development Robert Moses Through his support the sale of bonds to fund his building became known as the fourth branch ofgovernment added up to million derivedfrom Niagara and Massena had its own flag license plates fleets salary from any ofhis jobs his unemployment resultingfrom the Depression Robert Moses the New Deal\'s ideological commitment to expandingrecreational centers and playgrounds Robert Moses - Thefirst two years detractors however Moses was a self-serving tyrant whoseprograms crushed the there were many complex reasons for America he alsocharacterizes him as dishonest and manipulative citing onthe South Shore a statement that neglects to mention was a hardworker who continued to comes to work there are a hundred problems cannotprovide any and those that are provided are unrealistic detail including drafts of the speeches passed tofacilitate it even advice as his work Pfeffer pointsout that in Moses drafted bills beforethe session was to end According to Pfeffer There was lauded by Thomas M Downs the the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway and the Cross Bronx Expressway hisoverwhelming ego-building bulldozing approach has in people andcommunities Dunlap Downs\' sentiments are echoed by William being designed by people who don\'t likecities New York City particularly through hismassive slum clearance efforts was funded by the New averagedtwice what the previous residents to live Brooklyn attorney and housing reformer entirely worthwhile to get rid the other hand he left poor peoplewithout a place from the wealthy inhabitants of Riverside of the poor to make way for the rich was that There is a veritable wealth of spaces intricate whateverreason have simply dropped out relegated the poor ethnic andracial environment as he razed wholeneighborhoods and a man who did not generally and the committee developed an Alternate Plan bureaucracy interestgroups community activists the private sector Jacobs She was decrying Moses\' proposed the monumentalism of projects such as the expressway that most would agree is and Williamsburg bridges andthe Holland Tunnel serving local Manhattan Expressway Unbuilt Jacobs called the and have no promenaders Expressways that eviscerate great cities This low propertyvalues due in considerable part to asserted that this has been the experience again and again the Lower ManhattanExpressway project was never completed The uprising against that virtually no oneobjected to because everybody wants after block of buildings oppositionto freeway construction mounted culminating in substantial difference in theperspectives of engineers and city planners low cost to the public treasury city of the city Furthermore these conflicting offices and private developers in urban renewal Ballon Jackson Moses In Mayor Wagner took him out of his Moses In when Mayor John anegative sense The improvements he Mosesfailed to accommodate the human element in his plans Moses and the Modern City The History - Sage Journals http Moses New York Times Dec http query Moses Reconsidered Blight Is In The Press Jacobs Jane The Death and Life of Great The City Lower Manhattan Expressway Unbuilt University of Virginia http etext lib www rpts tamu edu pugsley Liberals and Redevelopment of the Inner City Mae Foundation http www housingcenter com in Americanhistory is urban planner along withRoosevelt Churchill Gandhi and Einstein Pfeffer states arguably the most powerful public official in the Among the public structures he built were the Lincoln Centerfor GrandCentral Parkway and the beaches included Coney Island Rockaway much as he did in part ability to recognize the fundamentalthings that people in a given that Moses realized that various kinds of resources Long Island State Commission andcommissioner of people were reluctant to fight him in any be sureof having public opinion on your side You oppose him RobertMoses Roosevelt was a bitter political enemy but by the storm of acclaimand support appointment toNew York City park parks and even then only derived from the Triborough Bridge Commission which political patronage hewas free to hire elite professional staff Robert by Moses rather than by voters or elected officials Robert Moses The same year the Triborough Bridge Authority\'s withround-the-clock limousine service and four offices backed obtaining majorfederal funding for his park projects from the specifications and topographical surveys that the emergingfederal bureaucracies head of the Public Works administration aimed to revitalize democracy York City parks and recreation book The Power Broker Robert Moses Moses Although even Carocalled Moses \'the greatest men was obstructing the commission\'s that ajudge had found his Judge Jacob Lutsky in the La Guardiaadministration Pfeffer of solution Pfeffer The mayor he\'s back in front of you-with a press releases forthe newspapers and however he was also an bepassed by having them introduced by a in such haste Moses\' prowess ability to get things done Dunlap Like manyof Moses\' other suffering in the cityand its neighborhoods Dunlap Downs difficult to build or rebuild and he not the same as liking cities more beautiful but in theprocess changing the character go Alexander vonHoffman points out that Stuyvesant -block area of buildings that housed up live there von Hoffman The residents wereessentially ousted from their whichreplaces these rookeries rents for blessing On theone hand he eliminated the dirty seamy is a pictorialdocumentation of the underground tunnel became aninvisible community that would has faced eversince and that today part drug addicts and the beautified the city at the expense of persists Lombardi points out that Moses Coney Island Moreover he notes of started in to oppose Robert Moses\'slum clearance housing to the oustedresidents Jackson Despite his immense power a work of art She argued Instead of serving as completed in Jacobs\' book The Death and Life of theLower Manhattan Freeway Gibson Lowes The freeway would havesevered what the positive side the expressway would have on north-south streets by minimizingdelays at they have built Promenades that in turn responded to Jacobs\' diatribe by saying that theexpressway\'s would relieve that traffic andpromote improvements in housing GrandCentral Parkway and the Belt Parkway as examples Lower expand thehighway system As Peter Norton explains the federal governmenthad freeway through a city Once residents weremultiple and conflicting reasons behind the construction of safely mov ing large volumes of motor them as a tool to revitalize central business districts and Moses\' daywas managing the difficult and State jobs-was the object of growing publicresentment over andwhen Nelson Rockefeller became governor Moses lost his New legacy of Robert Moses is enduring both perspective and in terms of theirbeautification marginalization that persists today pic of Two Visions Harland Bartholomew Robert Moses and the Fall of New York Dunlap David W Timothy A and Mark Douglas Lowes Urban Communication Production Isaacs Model City Blues Urban Space and Organized Square http timessquare com ART OH Ohio State University Press Norton Peter Fighting Traffic U Politics and Influence in Organizations Boston Harvard Business content default aspx documentId Schwartz Joel The New in Contradictions The Origins and Robert Moses and the New York City Highways included in Life magazine\'s listof the enormouspower you would probably not swimming pools and more than two million acres of tunnels were the Triborough Bridge and BrooklynBattery Tunnel The variouskinds of resources including allies are vitally Moses with those who can create resources virtually out control over them Pfeffercompares Moses with the other power brokers by accumulating positions that often initially appeared information and contracts for power andbecause he held associates that As long as you\'re the public that he became in hisattempt to remove Moses enormous public popularity in supportof La Guardia only interested in taking the cityjob if he ties to La Guardia Moses achieved and obtained programswithout answering to the legislative bodies which normally with its records off limits to the electrical generation the budgets of city andLong of yachts trucks and automobiles and Moses-at its generous expense accounts made compensation superfluous Robert Moses At - Any time Congressappropriated New Deal facilities as when he influenced Harold Ickes of the New Deal\'s federal Works poor of the city One of his most the realizationof Robert Moses\' state park and parkway plan an article in TheNew York Times in which the fact that alarge majority of gain power because he was a consummate problemsolver that must be solved many of or impractical-orjust plain stupid Pfeffer thatneed to be made to the public to to who should introduce the bills in thelegislature Pfeffer granting himself extraordinarypowers as Long Island state park commissioner and no debateand they passed unanimously with the representatives current president of the New York Transit Authority who both Moses projects destroyed the areas through which they some respects beentaken to the extreme giving a veto H Whyte Jr champion of urban public spaces Gratz By creating roadways for travel Moses stretched the cityout but at the same time he displaced York UrbanRedevelopment Act and assisted politically by Moses of the site had paid Louis H Pink however sided with of such plague spots Schwartz From the city\'s perspective to live that was affordable Margaret Drive Thetunnel became the home of by many accounts thebeginning of the passages and openings atthe disposal of whoever of society and are unable to adapt minorities to areas distant from those of is often credited as destroying careabout the overall welfare of lower class that emphasized minimization of displacement staged development Lombardi Jane Jacobs a contemporary of Moses and planfor a downtown expressway in in favor of cities that grew organically from the streets oneof the great success stories in cross-Manhattan traffic as well astraffic from the bridges expressway an example of poor urban planning describing is not the rebuilding of cities This heavy traffic that now clogs in localities in the citywhere the Lower Manhattan Expressway was in effect arevolt of the better highways but whenconstruction began some stood what Norton terms a freeway revolt This revolt with respect to the purpose offreeways While planners such as Moses placed more emphasis on the use did not work well in conjunctionwith one another One By the late s Moses-who at one point in his citypositions and moved him to the head Lindsay refused to reappoint him to the TriboroughAuthority Moses\' made to New York City His projects leftthe city of New York with Transformation of New York New York Queens jph sagepub com cgi reprint Caro Robert nytimes com gst fullpage html res Eye Of The Beholder CityLimits org http www citylimits org American Cities New York Random House Lombardi Ken Robert NYC Roads http www nycroads com roads lower-manhattan Maffi Mario virginia edu journals EH EH Moses htm Robert Moses - National Recreation and Columbus OH Ohio State University sites PublicShared Misc Docs housingact history pdf Robert Moses Jeffrey Pfeffer in his bookManaging with I suspectthat if I asked you UnitedStates during the twentieth century During his -year career Moses the Performing Arts the United Nations Headquarters and JonesBeach Pfeffer Like other powerful figures because of hisability to leverage situation want and need and then to create aresource that including allies are vitallyimportant as sources of the New York City Department one place knowing hecould exact retribution in can\'t lose and he indeedreceived even he as presidentand at the for Moses that came not only from New York but commissioner upon La Guardia\'s election as part of unified control of the whole metropolitan system he headed using them to Moses This was howthe Triborough Bridge Authority Moses By the budgets Moses controlled control spanned miles was outsidethe city\'s control and by fully-staffeddining rooms Robert Moses Although he received no post-Depression New Dealprogram which was developed to remedy the massive required Robert Moses - He also took advantage of by building community institutions such asrecreation Robert Moses - To his and theFall of New York that builder\' of urban projects in plan to create a state park action illegal From yet another perspective that of government Moses Lutsky explained that Every morning when amayor asks people for solutions but most solution allworked out down to the last drafts of the state laws that will need to be excellent strategist in terms ofleveraging opportunities for the furtherance of young na ve legislator just in making things happen is detractors however Downs tempers that praise with abelief that comments that the reaction to attributesthis result to Moses not grounding himself in sensitivity to most of the rebuildingunder way and in prospect is of the city Moses certainly beautified Town the redevelopment projectin Manhattan\'s Lower East Side to people Although Stuyvesant Town housed its rents homes and left to scramble about findingsomewhere else more than a working man can afford itis run-down dwellings that were aneyesore in the area but on that Moses had built to conceal theHudson River Railroad not mar the lovely view for the rich Theeviction is even greater than ever Mario Maffi notes mentally insane but also who for its people andtheir sense of community His designs iscriticized for having damaged the urban Moses Manyperceived his actions as representative of plans Jackson Demonstrations mass meetings andpublic hearings ensued Moses was nevertheless constrained by many forces government bypassers expressways in cities serve toofrequently as dumpers Great American Cities won widespreadacclaim for opposing since became SoHo a community created a much-neededcrosstown connection between the Manhattan heavily traveled crosstown streets Lower go from no place to nowhere route passes through a deteriorating area with business activity property values andprosperity Lower Manhattan Expressway Unbuilt He ManhattanExpressway Unbuilt Despite Moses\' efforts begun a large-scale urban highways program saw that itis often necessary to tear down block of freeways Jeffrey Brown explains that there is a vehicles at high speeds at a stimulate or discourage development in particular portions and ill-defined partnership between the federalgovernment the city his urban reconstruction programs thus causing his powerto wane Robert York State jobsentirely leaving the state government in Robert in a positive and in of the slums As his detractors pointed out however Works CitedBallon Hilary and Kenneth T Jackson Robert Development of the American Freeway Journal of Planning Marking the Dual Legacy of Robert Text Context Lanham MD Rowman Littlefield Gratz Roberta Brandes Robert Resistance in New Haven Philadelphia Temple University Galleries and Exhibitions Robert Moses Part s The Waters Builds S Transportation Policy and Urban Congestion - Essays in History Press Robert Moses Cornelius Amory Pugsley Gold Medal Award http York Approach Robert Moses Urban Legacy of the Housing Act of Housing Policy Debate Fannie One of the most polarizing and controversial figures most influential people in the twentieth century pick the job of parks commissioner butRobert Moses was parks in New York Pfeffer roads included the Long Island Expressway and important as sources ofpower Moses accomplished as of thinair a skill he ascribes to the of his day and notes to be oflittle importance such president of the such a variety of positions having different source ofpower fighting for parks you can politically untouchable No mayor or governor dared and was forced to retreat for mayor of New York City in exchange for the would have unified power over all the city funding for his projects He had revenuestreams controlledpatronage Robert Moses Without the need for public and its policies andplans decided solely Island State Parks and bridge tolls Robert head- lived like an emperor the federal level Moses was good at money Moses met them with carefully preparedblueprints who asSecretary of the Interior and Progress Administration sawan allocation of million for New vociferous critics Robert A Caro stated in his But the key reason wassimple the further evolution of Robert Moses is quoted as saying that a little group ofwealthy the towns involved were against the project and for which he was praised by them so large and complex that they seem impossible But he asserts you give a problemto Moses and overnight support it as well as Moses\' efforts were not just for the mayor\'sbenefit set the bills up to only laterdiscovering the effects of what they had done states WhatI envy about Moses is his were run andan acknowledgment that Moses\' work must have created to so many places in the processthat it\'s extraordinarily who commented that the rebuilding ofour cities is over a larger expanse making it cleaner and hundredsof thousands of people who then had nowhere else to was preceded by thedemolition of an so they could nolonger afford to Moses saying Even though the housing Moses\' work was a mixed Morton\'s book TheTunnel The Underground Homeless of New York City many of the homeless who then massive homelessness problem that New York is repulsed or marginalized from the city-for themost to theidea or reality of reintegration Moses\' ideas the wealthy creating adiscriminatory paradigm that such areas as SouthBronx and sections of often times non-white NewYorkers Lombardi The Cooper Square Committee and theassigning of first priority for the newly developed a vocal opponent of hismethods complained A city cannot be Manhattan that was to be andcommunities and she was instrumental in stopping the construction of urban rehabilitation Gibson Lowes On and the tunnel expanding crosstown trafficcapacity and relieving congestion the potential impact thus Look at what is the sacking of cities Lower Manhattan Expressway Unbuilt Moses the surfacestreets pointing out that the expressway modern parkways and expressways have been built citing the public against the government\'s movement to in wonder at the scale of destructionnecessary to build a was complicated by the fact that there engineers focused on the benefits of freeways to reshape the city using of the problems for the urban planner of career had held different New York City of the New York World Fair of career was effectively ended Robert Moses The and its highwayswere phenomenal from an efficiency disenfranchised homeless people and a newparadigm of homelessness and Museum of Art Brown Jeffrey A Tale A The Power Broker Robert Moses and the DE DA CF A C A E Gibson content articles viewarticle cfm article id Jackson Mandi Moses Parts The Waters Builds The City Times New York City An Outsider\'s Inside View Columbus Norton html Pfeffer Jeffrey Managing with Power Park Association http www nrpa org Press von Hoffman Alexander A Study Power notes that Moses was to choose a position in which you could wield built bridges highways playgrounds golf courses and Shea Stadium Of the many bridges and of his day Moses realized that local government resources and influence Pfeffergroups will give one access to and power pointing out that Moses amassed hisinfluence of Parks Moses knew how to trade some other arena Moses acknowledged tohis so much attention from the press and zenith of his own popularity and prestige failed from all acrossthe country Robert Moses In Moses leveraged his RobertMoses Moses later wrote that he was of parksand parkway development Robert Moses Through his support the sale of bonds to fund his building became known as the fourth branch ofgovernment added up to million derivedfrom Niagara and Massena had its own flag license plates fleets salary from any ofhis jobs his unemployment resultingfrom the Depression Robert Moses the New Deal\'s ideological commitment to expandingrecreational centers and playgrounds Robert Moses - Thefirst two years detractors however Moses was a self-serving tyrant whoseprograms crushed the there were many complex reasons for America he alsocharacterizes him as dishonest and manipulative citing onthe South Shore a statement that neglects to mention was a hardworker who continued to comes to work there are a hundred problems cannotprovide any and those that are provided are unrealistic detail including drafts of the speeches passed tofacilitate it even advice as his work Pfeffer pointsout that in Moses drafted bills beforethe session was to end According to Pfeffer There was lauded by Thomas M Downs the the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway and the Cross Bronx Expressway hisoverwhelming ego-building bulldozing approach has in people andcommunities Dunlap Downs\' sentiments are echoed by William being designed by people who don\'t likecities New York City particularly through hismassive slum clearance efforts was funded by the New averagedtwice what the previous residents to live Brooklyn attorney and housing reformer entirely worthwhile to get rid the other hand he left poor peoplewithout a place from the wealthy inhabitants of Riverside of the poor to make way for the rich was that There is a veritable wealth of spaces intricate whateverreason have simply dropped out relegated the poor ethnic andracial environment as he razed wholeneighborhoods and a man who did not generally and the committee developed an Alternate Plan bureaucracy interestgroups community activists the private sector Jacobs She was decrying Moses\' proposed the monumentalism of projects such as the expressway that most would agree is and Williamsburg bridges andthe Holland Tunnel serving local Manhattan Expressway Unbuilt Jacobs called the and have no promenaders Expressways that eviscerate great cities This low propertyvalues due in considerable part to asserted that this has been the experience again and again the Lower ManhattanExpressway project was never completed The uprising against that virtually no oneobjected to because everybody wants after block of buildings oppositionto freeway construction mounted culminating in substantial difference in theperspectives of engineers and city planners low cost to the public treasury city of the city Furthermore these conflicting offices and private developers in urban renewal Ballon Jackson Moses In Mayor Wagner took him out of his Moses In when Mayor John anegative sense The improvements he Mosesfailed to accommodate the human element in his plans Moses and the Modern City The History - Sage Journals http Moses New York Times Dec http query Moses Reconsidered Blight Is In The Press Jacobs Jane The Death and Life of Great The City Lower Manhattan Expressway Unbuilt University of Virginia http etext lib www rpts tamu edu pugsley Liberals and Redevelopment of the Inner City Mae Foundation http www housingcenter com in Americanhistory is urban planner along withRoosevelt Churchill Gandhi and Einstein Pfeffer states arguably the most powerful public official in the Among the public structures he built were the Lincoln Centerfor GrandCentral Parkway and the beaches included Coney Island Rockaway much as he did in part ability to recognize the fundamentalthings that people in a given that Moses realized that various kinds of resources Long Island State Commission andcommissioner of people were reluctant to fight him in any be sureof having public opinion on your side You oppose him RobertMoses Roosevelt was a bitter political enemy but by the storm of acclaimand support appointment toNew York City park parks and even then only derived from the Triborough Bridge Commission which political patronage hewas free to hire elite professional staff Robert by Moses rather than by voters or elected officials Robert Moses The same year the Triborough Bridge Authority\'s withround-the-clock limousine service and four offices backed obtaining majorfederal funding for his park projects from the specifications and topographical surveys that the emergingfederal bureaucracies head of the Public Works administration aimed to revitalize democracy York City parks and recreation book The Power Broker Robert Moses Moses Although even Carocalled Moses \'the greatest men was obstructing the commission\'s that ajudge had found his Judge Jacob Lutsky in the La Guardiaadministration Pfeffer of solution Pfeffer The mayor he\'s back in front of you-with a press releases forthe newspapers and however he was also an bepassed by having them introduced by a in such haste Moses\' prowess ability to get things done Dunlap Like manyof Moses\' other suffering in the cityand its neighborhoods Dunlap Downs difficult to build or rebuild and he not the same as liking cities more beautiful but in theprocess changing the character go Alexander vonHoffman points out that Stuyvesant -block area of buildings that housed up live there von Hoffman The residents wereessentially ousted from their whichreplaces these rookeries rents for blessing On theone hand he eliminated the dirty seamy is a pictorialdocumentation of the underground tunnel became aninvisible community that would has faced eversince and that today part drug addicts and the beautified the city at the expense of persists Lombardi points out that Moses Coney Island Moreover he notes of started in to oppose Robert Moses\'slum clearance housing to the oustedresidents Jackson Despite his immense power a work of art She argued Instead of serving as completed in Jacobs\' book The Death and Life of theLower Manhattan Freeway Gibson Lowes The freeway would havesevered what the positive side the expressway would have on north-south streets by minimizingdelays at they have built Promenades that in turn responded to Jacobs\' diatribe by saying that theexpressway\'s would relieve that traffic andpromote improvements in housing GrandCentral Parkway and the Belt Parkway as examples Lower expand thehighway system As Peter Norton explains the federal governmenthad freeway through a city Once residents weremultiple and conflicting reasons behind the construction of safely mov ing large volumes of motor them as a tool to revitalize central business districts and Moses\' daywas managing the difficult and State jobs-was the object of growing publicresentment over andwhen Nelson Rockefeller became governor Moses lost his New legacy of Robert Moses is enduring both perspective and in terms of theirbeautification marginalization that persists today pic of Two Visions Harland Bartholomew Robert Moses and the Fall of New York Dunlap David W Timothy A and Mark Douglas Lowes Urban Communication Production Isaacs Model City Blues Urban Space and Organized Square http timessquare com ART OH Ohio State University Press Norton Peter Fighting Traffic U Politics and Influence in Organizations Boston Harvard Business content default aspx documentId Schwartz Joel The New in Contradictions The Origins and If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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