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Paper Abstract: Discussion of this carotenoid. Its beneficial health properties. Implications for health and disease, and role in cancer prevention. Sources of dietary lycopene (tomatoes and tomato products). Studies carried out with lycopene. Overview of lycopene chemistry. Human metabolism & lycopene distribution. Antioxidant and biological effects. Need for further study. Tables, figure. Paper Introduction: I. Lycopene: An introduction and implications for human health and disease. A. What is lycopene? Lycopene is the major carotenoid in tomatoes and is responsible for the red color in fruits (Sies and Stahl, 1998). Lycopene is an acyclic carotenoid and belongs to a subgroup of carotenes that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms. It has been suggested that lycopene has beneficial health properties, is an antioxidant, and influences the communication between cells and cell growth. B. Where is it found? Lycopene is found in relatively few foods, and more than 80 percent of lycopene consumption in the United States comes from tomatoes. It is present in fresh tomatoes, cooked tomatoes, Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Sies and Stahl Lycopene is an between cells and cell growth B Where is it found and pastes tomato soup tomato powder tomato juice sun-dried tomatoes the possibility of lycopene role in cancer unclear Clinton Few studies have been carried out shown to inhibit breast lung and endometrial tumor cellgrowth II Lycopene content of tomatoes and tomato S dietcontains about percent of its calories foodcomposition database to mg day spray dried Tomato juice Sun-dried tomato in oil Pizza Product mg lycopene g Cis-isomer product wet Sigma lycopene standard Adapted from Nguyen and Schwartz III Overview provitamin A activity of othercarotenoids The structure of carotenoids been found tobe the most and regenerate the intactlycopene Krinsky B exposure to thermoenergy or participation in specific have shownthat lycopene is stable during food processing and does blood and tissues Clinton The isomers is unknown atthis time Because they differ in shape vivo have shown that lycopene has a tumor-suppressiveactivity Sies carotenoids Lycopene has been shown to be more absorption takes place in four parts digestion of food formation provitamin Aactivity and so may be absorbed intact The food is enhancedby heating the food source which dietary intake however this is not the tomatoes Vegetarians do not exhibit ahigher two weeks with g tomato puree increased plasma and the foodmatrix into the lipid phase of chyme in the Borleau and Erdman Lycopene is found within the hydrophobic core of carotenoids in people inthe United States whereas is also a major carotenoid in several LDL with which lycopene is associated its metabolites have beendetermined in human plasma or tissues one Borleau and Erdman iv Lycopene distribution to various tissues Table Adrenal Liver Prostate Adipose Breast lycopene may be due to itsantioxidant properties severe damage to proteins lipids and DNA they contain and this is oxygen and lycopene in theexcited triplet state This excess energy such as hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide In chemical and irradiation of lycopene in the presence to react with oxygenmolecules in the inner membrane effects of lycopene In vivo studies have of free fatty acids andprolactin Lycopene has intake Singh and Lippman Analysis shown that supplementation with g of found between plasma lycopene concentration and lymphocytelycopene biologicalprocesses Clinton In Iran esophageal cancer that diets rich in tomato reduced risk Two large studies in Italy addressed cancer of esophagealcancer of stomach cancer of that tomato intake wassignificantly protective for colorectal diet they are usuallyconsumed cooked and in levels of nM L for patients and nM colon and rectal cancer have shown Giovannucciand Clinton The relationship between PIN and cancer is well-established ducts and acini which areminimally atypical cytologically have shown that latent tumors becomedetectable around of yearsonward The presence of latent prostate cancer is found and advanced stage at diagnosis areassociated prostatecancers occur in men with no family history factor is onecontributor to prostate cancer thisregard Several studies have shown higher frequency of intercourse greater number of sexualpartners and past prostate cancer incidence andmortality and that of prostatecancer and the one which has generated most Day Adventist men whocompleted a dietary questionnaire in studybetween and higher lycopene intake was less than servings The protective effect was controls and a percent lower concentration of lycopene Gann et al showed that plasma lycopene wasstrongly studies have not had such definitiveresults Kristal and Cohen et al This effect persistedafter the in Uruguay are tomatoes and tomato products Pasta than even raw tomatoes Studies in mice have shown that also increased the excretion of Sharoni Giron Rise and Levy were injected similarly withbeta-carotene Tissue extracts showed that both unsupplemented rats Beta-carotene afforded no protection VII Evaluation of the evidence on the role of particularlycancers of the prostate and digestive tract However cells in culture have indicated a tumor-suppressive small numbers of subjects followed over short periods of time So far no one has been able to evensuggest been shownto be the strongest antioxidant othercarotenoids Lycopene is certainly worthy of further study but whether data on the tumor prevention cancer Cell culturestudies need to be carried out are used and monitor plasma levels of lycopene concentrations oflycopene so they can mayhave beneficial effects in reducing the risk the risk of certain types of cancers R Yermiahu T Levy J Sharoni Y Lycopene and dihydroxyvitamin human health and disease Nutr Rev Fleshner N H Stampfer M J Lower prostate Med Symp Grant W B Calcium lycopene vitamin V E Lubet R A Natural Products and Cancer Prevention Progress and Tomatoes lycopene and prostate cancer How strong is the evidence of lycopene on spontaneous mammary tumour development in from oxidative damage is increased in women after ashort period Uruguay Nutr Cancer Sharoni S Giron E Rise M Levy Biol Med Symp Singh D K Lippman S M Cancer Symp Williams A W Borleau T W is the major carotenoid in tomatoes and is responsible It has been suggested that lycopene hasbeneficial from tomatoes It ispresent in watermelon though these fruits contain it inmuch lower the risk of several types ofcancer studies where strict controls can somekinds of cancers when the diet is rich in indicated in Table Carotenoids need fat to be varied from mg day using the foods Food Content mg g Tomatoes fresh Tomatoes cooked Tomato Watermelon fresh Papaya fresh Adapted from Clinton Table Relative pizza Ketchup Tomato paste Tomato powder spray-dried which has conjugated double bonds arranged carotenoids act as antioxidants by quenchingsinglet oxygen Of energy through a series of or poly-cis isomers the interconversion of whichis thought to occur processing induces formation of cis isomers isomers of lycopene are found in tomatoes andprocessed tomato thanfive percent to percent in food In the prostate reflect their involvement in specific biologicalreactions C Effects of havebeen shown to inhibit proliferation of transformed cells and plasma response of lycopene A system Williams Borleau and Erdman Fat is particle size after mastication and stomach action g absence of bile It is generally believed notnecessarily correlated with a high lycopene plasma level because it tomato food sources However Porrini andRiso have shown the gut in thepresence of fat and bile acids and triglycerides and transported into the similar to that of beta-caroteneand similar between males tissues Clinton Lycopene is the predominant carotenoid in human in differentpopulations around the world and generally and adrenals have been shown to have little is known about the metabolism oflycopene intermediate lycopene epoxide Figure Metabolism in human tissues nM g results the human A Antioxidant activities of which results in theproduction of hydroxyl radicals which react for this process The quenching capacity ofcarotenoids through physicalmeans In physical quenching the transfer of the ground state lycopene which can then quenchfurther singlet final decomposition of carotenoids Sies and is extremely hydrophobic and is located how lycopene may protect against specific types ofoxidative damage in theformation of mammary tumors and decrease cancer cells in culture and studieshave Sies and Stahl The mechanisms underlying lymphocyte DNAdamage by approximately percent digestive system Cancer of the esophagus stomach colon and rectum by percent These results were also seen in did not seem toprotect against gastric cancer higher serum a seriesof case-controlled studies conducted in Italy between and all sites Another study ofcolorectal cancer which looked at patients while tomatoes constitute one of between pancreatic cancer patients andcontrols diseases of thepancreas may inhibit neoplasia PIN is alesion of the epithelium of the prostatic discovered only on post-mortem examination Lesions be detected in young men it is thought that prostate years may show prostatecancer at autopsy PIN can in aggressivity which may be related to dietary in to months ii Genetic cancer is two to threetimes that of industry newspaper printing farming rubber manufacturing recent years beforediagnosis is related to prostate cancer Grant maintains that there is a prostate cancer risk Several dietaryproducts have and the risk of prostate cancer Clinton those consuming less than one serving a week In alarge on a consumption of more case-controlled study serum lycopene levels of mendeveloping prostate cancer lycopene may reduce the risk of prostate wasshown to be the carotenoid with cancer showed a significant reduction risk associated withvegetable intake in been reported previously that tomato products is believed the effect wasmediated by the reduction of mammary thereforeto suppression of tumor development In dimethyl-benz a anthracene and for an additional weeks afteradministration rats developed significantly fewer tumors and shown positive breast tumorprevention effects for lycopene other showing a possible role forlycopene in reducing accurateinformation Some studies with animals have intervention trials havebeen reported and those is usually difficult to pin down the actual biochemicalinvolved in the hydrophilic portion of cell membranes itseffectiveness in factor in cell-cell communications thought tobe important in this time VIII Future directions Early studies with lycopene have placebo-controlled studies in humans to need to be initiated whichwill accurately track difficult procedure to justify Also different the most prudent course for future studies IX cell culture and in animals studies Dietaryquestionnaire studies currently unknown References Amir H cells Nutr Cancer Clinton S P H Ma J Giovannucci E Willett W Cancer Res Giovannucci E Clinton S plasmaresponse of lycopene Soc Exp I Viner J L Sigman C C Progress in cancerchemoprevention Soc Exp Biol Med Symp Kristal A cancers Soc Exp Biol Med Symp Nagasawa H Mitamura Med Symp Porrini M Riso P M Leburgne F Vegetables fruits and relatednutrients Sies H Stahl W Lycopene Antioxidant of the evidence on the role oftomato products in Med Symp pic I Lycopene An introduction and implications acycliccarotenoid and belongs to a subgroup of carotenes that Lycopene is found in relatively few foods and pizza sauceand ketchup Other foods prevention Although there is mounting evidence from around the so far with lycopene Most studies in culture and studies have shown products A Sources of dietary lycopene and estimation of intake from fat most meals are adequatefor carotenoid using the Block-NCI Health Habits andHistory sauce canned Ketchup Apricot Apricot canned weight Tomato juice Vegetable juice Tomato of lycopene chemistry A Properties determines their color andphotochemical properties and lycopene produces efficient in quenching singlet oxygen Cis-trans isomerization of lycopene The double chemical reactions Clinton In mostfoods carotenoids occur in the not tend toisomerize as does beta-carotene which isomerizes proportion of bloodlycopene in cis forms is approximately from the trans forms they mayinteract differently with and Stahl Carotenoids are known to induceintercellular communication by effective than beta-carotene ininhibiting the growth of endometrial mammary and of lipid-mixed micelles uptake of carotenoidsinto intestinal mucosal cells efficiency of release oflycopene is dependent is assumed to weaken the protein-carotenoid complexes Factors case forlycopene Johnson Supplementation with lycopene does notnecessarily plasma lycopene concentration non-vegetarians Studies have shownthat plasma lycopene lymphocyte lycopene concentrations Lycopene is released gastrointestinal tract Theyare then taken up into mucosal cells transported primarily by low-density lipoproteins the lipoprotein particle which may it only constitutes percent in tissues including the testes prostate ovaries adrenals liver adipose iii Metabolism Lycopene is metabolized by dihydroxy dihydro-lycopene is postulated to be shows the distribution of lycopene Pancreas Lung Kidney Ovary Stomach Adapted from Clinton Singlet oxygen is not itself afree radical Carotenoids canquench singlet oxygen molecules and why lycopene is so effective The quenching can is dissipated as heat throughrotational and vibrational interactions quenching bleaching of the carotenoid occurs as it isdecomposed of a sensitizer ledto the formation of core The free-radical scavenging effectsof lycopene are strongest in shown that lycopene has a tumor-suppressoreffect Sies also been shown to inhibit the of data from patients showed that tomato pureefor two weeks increased plasma and lymphocyte concentrations and concentration and the oxidative DNA damage VI Lycopene is common a studyshowed that weekly tomato products have aprotective effect against gastric cancer while others have the relationship between tomatointake and colon cancer and of rectalcancer and controls admitted for acute cancer risk Another factor whichmay conjunction with olive oil which may aid theirabsorption L for controls Clinton However themeaning of an inverserelationship with the intake Latent prostate cancer is used to define are referred to as atypical adenomatoushyperplasia AAH Because age and it is estimated that between in various areasof the world with higher prostate cancer mortality the chance of developing itfor those risk Giovannucci and Clinton Environmentally though there a higher incidence of prostate canceramong smokers One history of venereal disease may exhibit an increasedrisk of it is the non-fat portion of milk which interest is lycopene Kelloffet al Two prospective studies with followup over six years therelative risk was for those inversely related to therisk for stronger for moreadvanced or aggressive wasseen in men developing prostate cancer than in related to lower prostate cancer risk whereas there was C Breast cancer A study conducted in Uruguay looking at effects of other antioxidants were controlled for meaning and polentaare staple foods in Uruguay and chronic ingestion of lycopeneprotected mice from spontaneous mammary fatcomponents from the circulation and raised the urinary the animals were given intraperitoneal injections of lycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin carotenoids were absorbedinto blood liver mammary gland and against tumor development It must bepointed out lycopene in cancerprotection There is most of thesestudies rely on dietary questionnaires effect for the carotenoid However results While dietary intake has long been a mode of action for lycopene It among the carotenoids It does ornot it will turn out to be andsuppression activity of lycopene to make it worthwhile to determine the mechanism by which lycopeneinhibits Oneproblem here is that plasma levels do only really be determined post-mortem Determining the mechanism of action of certain types of cancer This is because the major particularly cancersof the digestive system and prostate D cooperate in the inhibition E Klotz L H Diet androgens oxidativestress and cancer risk inmen with elevated plasma D and prostatecancer The Prostate Johnson Malone W A Boone C W Kopelovich Promise Symposium S S Krinsky N AJE La Vecchia C Mediterranean epidemiological SHN virginmice Anticancer Res Nguyen M L of tomato consumption J Nutr Ronco A de J Effects oflycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin on dimethyl-benz a anthracene-induced rat chemoprevention Part Retinoids and carotenoids and other M Erdman J W Factorsinfluencing the forthe red color in fruits health properties is an antioxidant and influences thecommunication fresh tomatoes cooked tomatoes tomato sauces amounts than tomatoes C Explanation of whether or not carotenoids are actually involved remains be implemented Lycopene has been tomatoes Amir et al Clinton absorbed and since the average U U S Department of Agriculture-National Cancer Institute carotenoid sauce Tomato paste Tomato soup condensed Tomato powder drum or abundance of lycopene isomers in various commercialtomato products Tomato powder drum-dried Sun-dried tomato in oil linearly Clinton Lycopene lacksthe beta-ionone ring structure so lacks the all the carotenoids tested lycopene has rotational andvibrational interactions with the solvent by the absorption of light Krinsky However studies by Nguyen and Schwartz products but they are found in much greater concentrationsin human it is approximately percent The biological relevance of these cis lycopene on tumor cells Studies in Lycopenepossesses this property but in lower amounts than other Human metabolism and distribution of lycopene i Absorption Carotenoid required in allfour stages of carotenoid absorption Lycopene isomers lack and efficiency of thedigestive enzymes The bioavailability of lycopene from that plasma carotenoid concentration isdependent on immediate is onlypresent in significant amounts in that supplementation of the diet for ii Transportation Carotenoids must be extracted from circulation viathe lymphatics Johnson Williams and females Johnson It is thought thatlycopene is plasma and accountsfor approximately percent of the total blood reflect tomato consumption Clinton It a high rate of uptake of in mammals Clinton Few of of lycopene in intestinal mucosa cells From Williams fromfour different studies Tissue Study Study Study Study Testis lycopene The proposed health benefits of rapidly with macromoleculesand can produce depends on the number of conjugated double bonds excitation energy from theoxygen singlet to lycopene produces ground state oxygen radicals Lycopene can also react with reactiveoxygen species Stahl Some of the decomposition products of lycopene have beenidentified within cellmembranes Clinton This may limit its ability subcellular locations and complement other defensesystems B Biological mammary gland activity ofthymidylate synthetase and lower serum levels linked reductions in lung bladder and prostate cancer to increasedlycopene theseeffects have not been elucidated as yet One study has Porrini and Riso An inverserelationship was are prevalentworldwide and each exhibits unique etiologic features and an Italian study Several studies have shown lycopene concentrations wereassociated with a whichincluded cases or oral cavity and pharyngeal and controls conducted between and confirmed themajor specific features of the Mediterranean showed a difference in lycopene concentration with digestion of dietary lipids and thus lycopeneabsorption Some studies of ducts and acini and ischaracterized by architectural and cytological abnormalities characterized by the formation of new cancer develops over decades Giovannucci andClinton Autopsy studies be detected in men from the age factors Younger age higher tumor grade and environmental risk factors Although most those without showing that a genetic and exposure to cadmium have been studied in more aggressive and lethal prostate cancer Menreporting a highcorrelation between milk in the diet and shown promise as providing chemoprevention Fleshner and Klotz In a study of Seventh comprehensive study from the Health Professionals Follow-up than servings of tomato products per weekversus over the following years were compared withmatched cancer isunknown A study by the clearest inverse relationship to thedevelopment of prostate cancer Other in riskassociated with lycopene intake Ronco this study The predominant sources of dietarylycopene cooked in oil arebetter sources of absorbable lycopene gland TS activity and pituitaryprolactin secretion Lycopene another animal study using rats of the carcinogen Other rats the tumorswhich they developed were smaller than those of studies have shown no protectiveeffect Ronco et al the risk for certain types of cancer shown tumor reduction withlycopene and studies of that have appeared in the literature only reporton and its mechanism of action this regard is in question even though it has tumor suppression but not nearly as well as given mixed results so futurestudies will need to supply consistent determineif it really does protect against some forms of dietary intake of tomato products monitor whichtypes of products tissues appear to contain different Conclusion There is mounting evidence that increasing tomato consumption have indicated that an increased consumption oftomatoes reduces Karas M Giat J Danilenko M Levy K Lycopene Chemistry biology andimplications for Sacks F M Hennekens C K Tomatoes lycopene andprostate cancer Soc Exp Biol Biol Med Symp Kelloff G J Crowell J A Steele development of diet-derived chemopreventive agents R Cohen J H Invited commentary T Sakamoto S Yamamoto K Effects Lymphocyte lycopene concentrationand DNA protection and risk of breast cancer a case-control study in and biologicaleffects and its bioavailability in the human Soc Exp disease prevention Soc Exp Biol Med for human health and disease A What is lycopene Lycopene consist only ofhydrogen and carbon atoms more than percentof lycopene consumption in the United States comes which contain lycopene include apricots pinkgrapefruit guava papaya and world that a dietrich in fruits and vegetables can reduce have relied on questionnaires of people's dietary habitsrather than actual a reduction in the risk for content Lycopene is present in tomatoes and other fruits as absorption Williams Borleau and Erdman Estimatedlycopene intake in two studies Questionnaire Clinton Table Approximate lycopene content of various Apricot dried Grapefruit raw pink Guava fresh Guava juice soup condensed Canned whole tomato Canned pizza sauce Sauce from of lycopene i Structure Lycopene is an acyclic carotenoid the red color in fruits Clinton ii Function The It has the ability tolose all the newly acquired bonds in carotenoids can theoretically undergoisomerization into mono trans configuration which is morethermodynamically stable Food readily during typicalprocessing of tomatoes Small amounts of cis percent whereas it is less lipoproteins subcellular lipid structures andvarious proteins which may the formation of gap junctions which lung cancer cells inculture Krinsky IV Human studies on bioavailability and transport into the circulation via thelymph on disposition of lycopene in the food matrix which affect fat absorption will affectlycopene absorption e raise plasma levels A high fruit and vegetable diet is concentrations are only increased if the diet issupplemented with heat-processed from food matrixes and solubilized in and incorporated in chylomicrons withphospholipids LDL andits distribution among lipoproteins is influence its uptake by extrahepatic Asians Johnson Mean lycopene concentrations differ tissueand kidney indicating effective transfer from plasma to tissues Thetestes the intestinal mucosalcells as shown in Figure Very a product of an in vivo oxidation reactionvia an in various human tissues Table Concentrations of lycopene Clinton V Lycopene Antioxidant and its biological effects in but it is one of the reactants lycopene has been shown to be the mosteffective carotenoid occur throughphysical or chemical means though most of it occurs with surrounding solvents andstructures regenerating Clinton The process known as photobleaching isresponsible for the methyl hepten one and apo lycopenal Lycopene a lipophilic environment This hasimplications for and Stahl In mice lycopene was shown to inhibit proliferation ofbreast lung and endometrial human increase lycopene intake decreased the risk ofprostate cancer improvedlymphocyte resistance to an oxidative stress by reducing and the prevention of cancer A Cancers of the consumption reduced the risk of this form ofcancer found norelationship In a Japanese study while lycopene intake digestive tract cancers La Vecchia Data from non-neoplastic conditionsshowed a consistent pattern of protection for have been involved here is that and availability in tissues Weisburger A study of micronutrients the results was not clear in this case because of tomato products B Prostate cancer i Pathogenesis Prostatic intraepithelial lesions that arehistologically cancerous but PIN and latent prostate cancer can percent and percent of men aged between years and with differing rates of overt prostate cancer This shows adifference Once it has reached themetastatic stage death occurs with a first degree relative with prostate is little contribution from occupationalsources those working in heavy study showed that smoking in the prostate cancer There is also a possible relationship betweenvasectomy and may be toblame iii Effects of lycopene on have evaluated the relationshipbetween tomato consumption who consumed tomatoes more than five timesa week compared with prostate cancer A risk reduction of percent was observedbased prostate cancer In a prospective controls Clinton The mechanism by which noevidence of such a trend with beta-carotene supplementation Lycopene the effects of fruit andvegetable intake on breast onlylycopene intake partially explained the reduced are eaten with abundant tomato sauce andit has tumor development Nagasawa Mitamura Sakamoto and Yamamoto It excretion ofbetaine This would contribute to maintenance of homeostasis and twice a week for two weeks before tumor inductionby mammary tumors but the tomatooleoresin-treated that while these three studies have a growing body of evidence which do not always supply of all types ofstudies have produced mixed results Few human considered as a risk factor formany cancers it is an antioxidant but since itis buried deep promote theformation of gap junctions a of great use in cancer prevention is not clearat spending large sumsof money on double-blind tumor cell growth Prospective studies not necessarily reflect tissuelevels and performing tissue biopsies is a of lycopene in tumor suppression wouldappear to be carotenoid in tomatoes lycopene has shown tumor-suppressor activities in cancer in humans The mechanism bywhich lycopene suppresses tumors is of cell cycle progression and induction ofdifferentiation in HI leukemic prostate cancer susceptibility Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Gann lycopene levels results of a prospective study E J Human studies on bioavailability and L Hawk E T Lieberman R Lawrence J A Ali I Overview of lycopene carotenoids anddisease prevention evidence ontomatoes and the prevention of digestive-tract Schwartz S J Lycopene stability duringfood processing Soc Exp Biol Stefani E Boffetta P Deneo-Pellegrini H Mendilaharsu mammary tumors Cancer Det Prev classic antioxidants Oncology Weisburger J H Evaluation uptake and absorption of carotenoids Soc Exp Biol Sies and Stahl Lycopene is an between cells and cell growth B Where is it found and pastes tomato soup tomato powder tomato juice sun-dried tomatoes the possibility of lycopene role in cancer unclear Clinton Few studies have been carried out shown to inhibit breast lung and endometrial tumor cellgrowth II Lycopene content of tomatoes and tomato S dietcontains about percent of its calories foodcomposition database to mg day spray dried Tomato juice Sun-dried tomato in oil Pizza Product mg lycopene g Cis-isomer product wet Sigma lycopene standard Adapted from Nguyen and Schwartz III Overview provitamin A activity of othercarotenoids The structure of carotenoids been found tobe the most and regenerate the intactlycopene Krinsky B exposure to thermoenergy or participation in specific have shownthat lycopene is stable during food processing and does blood and tissues Clinton The isomers is unknown atthis time Because they differ in shape vivo have shown that lycopene has a tumor-suppressiveactivity Sies carotenoids Lycopene has been shown to be more absorption takes place in four parts digestion of food formation provitamin Aactivity and so may be absorbed intact The food is enhancedby heating the food source which dietary intake however this is not the tomatoes Vegetarians do not exhibit ahigher two weeks with g tomato puree increased plasma and the foodmatrix into the lipid phase of chyme in the Borleau and Erdman Lycopene is found within the hydrophobic core of carotenoids in people inthe United States whereas is also a major carotenoid in several LDL with which lycopene is associated its metabolites have beendetermined in human plasma or tissues one Borleau and Erdman iv Lycopene distribution to various tissues Table Adrenal Liver Prostate Adipose Breast lycopene may be due to itsantioxidant properties severe damage to proteins lipids and DNA they contain and this is oxygen and lycopene in theexcited triplet state This excess energy such as hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide In chemical and irradiation of lycopene in the presence to react with oxygenmolecules in the inner membrane effects of lycopene In vivo studies have of free fatty acids andprolactin Lycopene has intake Singh and Lippman Analysis shown that supplementation with g of found between plasma lycopene concentration and lymphocytelycopene biologicalprocesses Clinton In Iran esophageal cancer that diets rich in tomato reduced risk Two large studies in Italy addressed cancer of esophagealcancer of stomach cancer of that tomato intake wassignificantly protective for colorectal diet they are usuallyconsumed cooked and in levels of nM L for patients and nM colon and rectal cancer have shown Giovannucciand Clinton The relationship between PIN and cancer is well-established ducts and acini which areminimally atypical cytologically have shown that latent tumors becomedetectable around of yearsonward The presence of latent prostate cancer is found and advanced stage at diagnosis areassociated prostatecancers occur in men with no family history factor is onecontributor to prostate cancer thisregard Several studies have shown higher frequency of intercourse greater number of sexualpartners and past prostate cancer incidence andmortality and that of prostatecancer and the one which has generated most Day Adventist men whocompleted a dietary questionnaire in studybetween and higher lycopene intake was less than servings The protective effect was controls and a percent lower concentration of lycopene Gann et al showed that plasma lycopene wasstrongly studies have not had such definitiveresults Kristal and Cohen et al This effect persistedafter the in Uruguay are tomatoes and tomato products Pasta than even raw tomatoes Studies in mice have shown that also increased the excretion of Sharoni Giron Rise and Levy were injected similarly withbeta-carotene Tissue extracts showed that both unsupplemented rats Beta-carotene afforded no protection VII Evaluation of the evidence on the role of particularlycancers of the prostate and digestive tract However cells in culture have indicated a tumor-suppressive small numbers of subjects followed over short periods of time So far no one has been able to evensuggest been shownto be the strongest antioxidant othercarotenoids Lycopene is certainly worthy of further study but whether data on the tumor prevention cancer Cell culturestudies need to be carried out are used and monitor plasma levels of lycopene concentrations oflycopene so they can mayhave beneficial effects in reducing the risk the risk of certain types of cancers R Yermiahu T Levy J Sharoni Y Lycopene and dihydroxyvitamin human health and disease Nutr Rev Fleshner N H Stampfer M J Lower prostate Med Symp Grant W B Calcium lycopene vitamin V E Lubet R A Natural Products and Cancer Prevention Progress and Tomatoes lycopene and prostate cancer How strong is the evidence of lycopene on spontaneous mammary tumour development in from oxidative damage is increased in women after ashort period Uruguay Nutr Cancer Sharoni S Giron E Rise M Levy Biol Med Symp Singh D K Lippman S M Cancer Symp Williams A W Borleau T W is the major carotenoid in tomatoes and is responsible It has been suggested that lycopene hasbeneficial from tomatoes It ispresent in watermelon though these fruits contain it inmuch lower the risk of several types ofcancer studies where strict controls can somekinds of cancers when the diet is rich in indicated in Table Carotenoids need fat to be varied from mg day using the foods Food Content mg g Tomatoes fresh Tomatoes cooked Tomato Watermelon fresh Papaya fresh Adapted from Clinton Table Relative pizza Ketchup Tomato paste Tomato powder spray-dried which has conjugated double bonds arranged carotenoids act as antioxidants by quenchingsinglet oxygen Of energy through a series of or poly-cis isomers the interconversion of whichis thought to occur processing induces formation of cis isomers isomers of lycopene are found in tomatoes andprocessed tomato thanfive percent to percent in food In the prostate reflect their involvement in specific biologicalreactions C Effects of havebeen shown to inhibit proliferation of transformed cells and plasma response of lycopene A system Williams Borleau and Erdman Fat is particle size after mastication and stomach action g absence of bile It is generally believed notnecessarily correlated with a high lycopene plasma level because it tomato food sources However Porrini andRiso have shown the gut in thepresence of fat and bile acids and triglycerides and transported into the similar to that of beta-caroteneand similar between males tissues Clinton Lycopene is the predominant carotenoid in human in differentpopulations around the world and generally and adrenals have been shown to have little is known about the metabolism oflycopene intermediate lycopene epoxide Figure Metabolism in human tissues nM g results the human A Antioxidant activities of which results in theproduction of hydroxyl radicals which react for this process The quenching capacity ofcarotenoids through physicalmeans In physical quenching the transfer of the ground state lycopene which can then quenchfurther singlet final decomposition of carotenoids Sies and is extremely hydrophobic and is located how lycopene may protect against specific types ofoxidative damage in theformation of mammary tumors and decrease cancer cells in culture and studieshave Sies and Stahl The mechanisms underlying lymphocyte DNAdamage by approximately percent digestive system Cancer of the esophagus stomach colon and rectum by percent These results were also seen in did not seem toprotect against gastric cancer higher serum a seriesof case-controlled studies conducted in Italy between and all sites Another study ofcolorectal cancer which looked at patients while tomatoes constitute one of between pancreatic cancer patients andcontrols diseases of thepancreas may inhibit neoplasia PIN is alesion of the epithelium of the prostatic discovered only on post-mortem examination Lesions be detected in young men it is thought that prostate years may show prostatecancer at autopsy PIN can in aggressivity which may be related to dietary in to months ii Genetic cancer is two to threetimes that of industry newspaper printing farming rubber manufacturing recent years beforediagnosis is related to prostate cancer Grant maintains that there is a prostate cancer risk Several dietaryproducts have and the risk of prostate cancer Clinton those consuming less than one serving a week In alarge on a consumption of more case-controlled study serum lycopene levels of mendeveloping prostate cancer lycopene may reduce the risk of prostate wasshown to be the carotenoid with cancer showed a significant reduction risk associated withvegetable intake in been reported previously that tomato products is believed the effect wasmediated by the reduction of mammary thereforeto suppression of tumor development In dimethyl-benz a anthracene and for an additional weeks afteradministration rats developed significantly fewer tumors and shown positive breast tumorprevention effects for lycopene other showing a possible role forlycopene in reducing accurateinformation Some studies with animals have intervention trials havebeen reported and those is usually difficult to pin down the actual biochemicalinvolved in the hydrophilic portion of cell membranes itseffectiveness in factor in cell-cell communications thought tobe important in this time VIII Future directions Early studies with lycopene have placebo-controlled studies in humans to need to be initiated whichwill accurately track difficult procedure to justify Also different the most prudent course for future studies IX cell culture and in animals studies Dietaryquestionnaire studies currently unknown References Amir H cells Nutr Cancer Clinton S P H Ma J Giovannucci E Willett W Cancer Res Giovannucci E Clinton S plasmaresponse of lycopene Soc Exp I Viner J L Sigman C C Progress in cancerchemoprevention Soc Exp Biol Med Symp Kristal A cancers Soc Exp Biol Med Symp Nagasawa H Mitamura Med Symp Porrini M Riso P M Leburgne F Vegetables fruits and relatednutrients Sies H Stahl W Lycopene Antioxidant of the evidence on the role oftomato products in Med Symp pic If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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