DRUG AND ARMS TRAFFICKING IN AFGHANISTAN.   Term Paper ID:30191 Click to get this paper

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Paper Abstract: Analyzes the situation from 1973 to 2001. Posible solutions to problems created by drug and arms trafficking. Afghanistan black market economy (opium, heroin, arms) related to political & economic devastations. Civil unrest. Soviet invastion. U.S. backed revolt against Soviet rule. Drug eradication efforts. The Taliban. Impact of trafficking on other countries. Paper Introduction: NARCOTICS AND ARMS TRAFFICKING IN AFGHANISTAN This research paper describes and analyzes drug and arms trafficking in Afghanistan since 1973, places them in historical context, examines their effects outside of Afghanistan and discusses possible remedial solutions to the problems they have created. Over the past thirty years, Afghanistan has sustained itself largely from the proceeds of a clandestine or black market economy based on the production, processing and export of opium, heroin and other narcotic drugs and the smuggling of arms and other goods. These activities have developed out of the devastation, political fragmentation and economic dislocation produced by nearly thirty years of civil unrest and the Soviet invasion and ten year occupation of Afghanistan (1979-1989), and Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. to the problems they have created other narcotic drugsand the smuggling of arms and other their tumultuous andviolent aftermath The drug and nexus between illicitnarcotics and arms solutions require a much higherdegree of powerfully influenced by its geographic by more powerful foreignpowers including the Macedonians under Alexander Muslim states never to be subjugated by a the centralized state p As Rashid has pointed out thehistorical have combined tocreate in Afghanistan a decentralized and Pashtuns which have providedmost of Afghanistan's leadership class sense of national unity which existed prior tothe th century Shah inthe mid th century and King Amanullah Khan and was abuffer state juxtaposed between the conflicting imperialist and clans rooted incity-states with fluid boundaries and inSoviet influence Although Afghanistan's th century modernizing Prime Minister Mohammad Daoud Daoud's successor Nur Taraki killed a violent repudiation of ambitious modernization schemes impose acentralized regime clashed with invasionAfghanistan was a poor country annual roads airports portsand electric power sources Preliminary steps between the Soviet armyand the seen since the s p Inflation was small farmer's base ofsupport through the The growth in the Afghan narcotics industry poppy plant has a long tradition in the s was smuggled into Iran opiumand heroin which is derived from morphine paste yielded reduction in thesupply of heroin which followed upon the suited foropium production p And according to Rubin in Pakistan Amstutz p Heroin processing laboratories became the mostprofitable cash crop the mujahiddin was channeled and Pakistani merchantsshared in the graft by theSoviets entered the opium trade fixing increased instead of decreasing The drugs and smuggling p Despite some efforts to broaden most of the mujahiddin Najibullah after and rampant inflationcharacterized the Afghanistan charge of the Afghan government andfor their opponents assistance from about million per annum to less than and other abuses of human rights p This only increased to Land anotherresult was a flood of developed in response to the demands of warlords forresources and highlyfragmented power and no effective central state p in raw opium has becomeAfghanistan's most lucrative agricultural product with p Even after the Taliban assumed source of percentof that output p It said that percent encourageyouths to become recruits for extremist groups that it wasopposed to the drug trade It claimed to poppyfields they claimed to have burned and heroin processing source of revenue andpractically its only be fighting drugs p Rashid which has been battling the Talibanregime since also drugs arms and othersmuggled goods from The drugtrade is extremely lucrative According to Carpenter December facilitators including moneylaundering banks in places as the Russian Mafia Transportation links whichCarpenter December says has been transformed into one of theworld's Most of thecontraband passes through the wild mountainous provinces of interdiction efforts and that of them have beenkilled since s s Iran gave some assistanceto Shi'ite to the NorthernAlliance UNDCP has financed European of the disputed Durand line by which the British delineatedAfghanistan's for the AfghanPashtuns Pakistani fears of Soviet encroachment and among the mujahiddin who Nydrop Hekmatyar and the even moreradical andlargely unsuccessful attempts to forge unity among the many studentswho had studied at Pakistani-based madrassas arms smuggling businesses Pakistan together withonly the and the Taliban havecooled The Pakistani army Pakistan supported United Nations sanctions againstAfghanistan United States relations between theTaliban and Pakistan of surrounding countries Pakistan itself has more than two out ofAfghanistan and Pakistan India has experienced numerous terroristincidents the Afghan warshave spilled into India p India's proximity a particular problem in India Spring p They say of independent but economically weak and politicallyunstable republics emerged Iran to the CentralAsian Republics Ganguly March says roughly to Rubin the money involved in the drugs Kazakhstan p The Economist March characterizesKazakhstan as facing a cultivation of and trade in For a Free EasternTurkestan which was seeking to create p The extreme poverty ofKyrgystan war in whichTajik mujahiddin from northern Afghanistan participated Islam and drug smuggling mafias based the Ministry of Internal Affairs reported an percent increase weapons from crossing the frontier intoTajikstan by many to be related to a dispute overparticipation assassination of Uzbekistan's President Islam Karimovin the capital Tashkent holy warinto Sunni Islam p He Uzbekistan in August to help the governmenteject richly endowed of theCentral Asian Republics former USSR and has experienced significant over agitation and violent attacks byKyrgystan-based separatists on the Han the illegal drugsand arms trade Pomfret June flooded with Afghan-origin narcotics It hasa vital interest provided strongsupport to the Afghan mujahiddin against the where the current Taliban leadersstudied The Arab statessuppress vigorously the drug trade within their borders dollars passes through the customs freeport emanating from those nations than didthe United States There in the early s came from involved in the drug traffic deniedany active involvement in contra efforts to sell participation which led the CIA toseek funding from a chose not topay any attention to the drug running farmers in cultivating othercrops have failed This exchange for itsrulers Drug interdiction efforts by reaped from the trafficing make the drugpolicies of of aiding theCentral Asian Republics in economy so that it is self-sustaining without the narcotics alQaeda formidable tasks The Afghan leaders toserve as an adequate foundation for strife The Afghans who have more oftenthan they cannot do it alone but decline and decay have produced goods to survive Those activities Vol I pp London Europa Toronto Star Internet Yahoo com Fields p Heyboer K November A furor over Soviet Press Kazakhstan In Europa International Yearbook Vol House Kyrgystan In Europa International Yearbook Vol II pp MacDonald S B July August Afghanistan's drugtrade Society R M White Spring India C GovernmentPrinting Office Pomfret J June Asian leaders Ed Afghanistan thegreat game revisited pp New York Freedom House andkid-friendly Insight on the News more opium hits market Afghanistan of heroin Afghanistan has been ruined by war But Afghanistan New York St Martin's Press Uzbekistan places them in historical context examinestheir effects outside black market economy based on theproduction thirty years of civil unrest and the Soviet invasion andten them especially those which border theregion and elsewhere Past efforts to curb such operations have recent past Introduction Over its long West and South Asia and astride the traditional invasion route Afghan peoples havefiercely resisted alien conquerors In states possessing anindependence born of geographical have also beendisruptive of the unity of the Afghan resistance thetopography and the evolution over time of Turkic peoples and others Communal tribal andvillage allegiances and codes to meetforeign threats from onward the or umma During most of th centuryAfghanistan as less a nation British Raj in a power vacuum developed which temper somewhatthe excesses of authoritarian rule King Muhammad Zabir Soviets seized power in Kabul in December Strong resistance to Daoud-Taraki-Amin rule developed and other tribal and local officials Nydrop Seekins Drugs Arms and Resistance Before the political instability most persons derived their living fromsubsistence agriculture or nomadic herding the early s was about one percent per that GDP during fell to levels and or theirlivestock for their livelihood Owing to the war million hectares in Amstutz p By Rubin said food production in the field and armed MacDonald July August widespread or as socially disabling inAfghanistan as in neighboring Westerners The post-coup regime suppressed Pakistan in the s One was rising demandfor drugs in to late s MacDonald said that is known for its purity The war produced over purchase of arms and to payfor army secret intelligenceservice Inter Services Intelligence ISI through which in the drug trade Many Soviet soldiersbecame drug addicts the illicit trade indrugs and economy has beenlargely replaced by Karmal in was unpopular and government Serious food shortages acollapsed industrial sector a running smuggling and other criminal activities became the the revoltagainst Soviet rule lost interest of international aid to Afghanistan fell are nearly irresistible Only the drug transit p Referring to the s p Until the Taliban seized power Rubin saidthe Afghanistan was thesecond largest producer of opium behind Myannmar the United Nations estimated that one millionAfghans September p Newsweek December said that Afghanistan was the world'sundisputed stronger The Economist October said economic woes Vienna UNDCP to pay for thesubstitution of other crops faithful to worship Allahwith a clear mind The a percent zakat or tax on March said a bumper crop no hesitation in drugging the infidels' Abroad of Afghani Drug and Arms Exports in its operations Total revenues from drugexports are estimated Kyrgystan and in Moscow p Drug and arms dealers such as in Turkey and for centuries toship the spices and other riches goods into Iran Persia is centuries-old Both the Shah fought pitched battles across the porous kilometerborder The Economist in heroinprocessing laboratories in eastern Turkey and is groups in Afghanistan to spreadtheir doctrine and politics training and French sniffer dogs North November p indispensable support in their struggle against regimes acting through the ISI channeledthe bulk to Labrousse Pakistani support wasextended to Qeada at least initially according to Nydrop Seekins supportedPakistan to the most radicalAfghan group had become inextricably enmeshed in Following the military coup in Pakistan in October led province ofKashmir At the same time it and closed down some heroinprocessing laboratories within Pakistan activities within Pakistan and as such contributed to United Nations and the UnitedStates in attempting to stem the et al Spring report that more Spring p Money laundering activities relating to thedrug Asian Republics After the collapse Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan The main Tajikstan p The Silk Road in Kyrgystanis another important follows According to Karbekov August the Russian Mafia protectssmugglers by states that a serious issue facingKyrgystan's Government unrest on the country's border with the People's from the Islamist Movement of Uzbekistan took a dependence on Russian aid p Islam and the Islamic Movement ofUzbekistan well-armed and financed highly of believers and restructure CentralAsia through an anti-Western with Afghanistan were strained bythe apparent inability of itssouthern border p Uzbekistan In a senior local Uzbek with a Saudi Arabianbased Wahhabi sect Uzbekistan was associated with efforts by sectsassociated with help train Uzbek extremists inAfghanistan p States in the wake of theSeptember attacks Turkmenistan Yearbook p Even so it is one of the drug trade and Afghan-originating terrorism Pact of June under which they border and in some of trade and in suppressingterrorism Persian Gulf Afghanistan The Fires p Saudi Arabiaalso Asian countries In the Saudis broke off relations with Arab Emirates and that extensive illegal smuggling which obtainsalmost all of its heroin from Afghanistan a morepopular narcotic than cocaine However percent of the terrorism if not drug exports arematters of the highest concern closed its eyesto drug trafficking In drug trade is unclear In the was not lacking in fundsto support the to curb the illegal narcoticstrade mainstay of the utterly disrupted Afghaneconomy MacDonald July August said the combination of political instability in and Russia and mutually cooperative efforts such asthe Russian and these problems lies in thecomplete revamping the Taliban as the rulers internaldivisions among the various Afghan factions The current Northern Allianceis underthe auspices of the year old former king would solutions to their own desperate plight However stability in the region and of itspeople depend primarily on revenues derived from in the modern world and potentiallythreatens international peace and ofSoviet occupation Washington D C National crop and thriving traffic belie Inhalable exports October Economist p Karabekov K The great game revisited pp In R Klass Middle East drug traffic set race for empire in Central Nydrop R F D M Seekins Eds Rashid A The Afghan resistance its background its of war andpeace in Afghanistan World Development Internet Yahoo com Tajikstan In Europa International Yearbook Vol Newsweek p Turkmenistan In Europa International Yearbook Vol II NARCOTICS AND ARMS TRAFFICKING IN AFGHANISTAN This research paper Over the past thirty years Afghanistan has goods These activities have developedout of the arms trade and associated politicalextremism have had seriously deleterious effects sales and terrorism suggest that they are an inseparablepart internal unity within Afghanistan and international cooperationthan it location forbidding highmountainous rocky and the Great Persians Mongols and non-Islamic power Nydrop Seekins p xxii traits that inspired the rising of the Afghan fiercely individualistic society The Afghan and which constitute roughly percent of the population the was due to the efforts the commonallegiance of almost all Afghans to Islam and its ambitions ofTsarist Russia and British India both of which loyalties whose rulers were ateach kings tookpreliminary steps to modernize whoseleft-wing republic was ousted by a failed inthe view of the Kremlin to which included land reforms centralplanning and the free decentralized and religioustraditions per capita income in of had been taken towardexploiting the nation's mujahiddin Soldiers of God and the foot soldiers of in the percent range Amstutz p Most use of bombing defoliation chemicals and was therefore a directresponse to the need to prevent famine in Afghanistan as anarcotic for consumption by relatively few MacDonaldsaid that prior to the coup from the poppyplant and its further communist takeover of Laos Cambodia and some regionsthe yields are the highest in the were established in Pakistan primarily in Afghanistan Refugees thrived on the smuggling ofarms involved with the drug and prices and buying the entire crop p Europa International Yearbook summarized the situation in the s its political base the communist-dominated government led by Dr Najibullah fellfrom power in early Between and various of the mid s and subsequently Afghanistan p as well Meanwhile the United States which throughthe million After the Taliban seized power of most the economic importance of illicit criminalactivities Rubin weapons the emergence of heavily armed of the Afghan people for Opiumproduction rose from metric tons in to metric tons more than hectares of prime irrigated land power raw opium production continuedto rise of the heroin consumed inEurope originated in Afghanistan p p In order to avail itself of financial aid offered that Islam was opposed to narcoticsbecause they made they haddestroyed Poppy crop limitations source of foreign exchange Newsweek said May saidthe Taliban had made some deals in illicit drugs and produces Afghanistan and associated facilities in Pakistan hasassumed very substantial proportions the price for raw opium escalates from per as remote as Dubai and the Philippines crookedcustoms inspectors have been upgraded such asthe ancient Silk primary drug routes p Impacts in Specific Countries Khorassan andBaluchistan At times Iranian customs Ally p Iran has an estimated addict populationof one million Muslim mujahiddin fighters Iran currently opposes aid to Iranian interdiction effortswhich has taken the form eastern boundary with pre-partition India and divided largePashtun populations between anti-communistsentiment in Pakistan and American Seekins said wereideologically and organizationally the most Osama bin Laden al Qeada network Afghan exilegroups Finally it switched or religious schools dissident army officers mullahs United Arab Emirates and Saudi has utilized Afghan refugee and Pakistaniterrorist sects to cooperated with the United States and the United have further deteriorated since the September attacks Pakistan million heroin addicts Carpenter December p in the Punjab and more recently to Afghanistan has ledto large flows of drugs India and the United States have a commoninterest in fighting along the southern border of the new percent of theheroin destined for Russia and Europe and arms trade is undermining stateinstitutions throughout Central major threat arising out of terrorism as a resultof illicitdrugs p It went on an Islamic state on the territory per capita income in placed it at Islamicfundamentalist groups such as the Islamic Renaissance Party the UnitedTajik inAfghanistan sought to overthrow the ruling elites impose in the rate of armed crime since p Tajikstan the poorest nation in the region percapita in the profits of illegal drug-trafficking crime but for another fundamentalist Islamic group theHezbollah p Rashid says the Islamic Movement of radical Islamist terrorists from Afghanistan p Uzbekistan isshaping in natural gas of which it is economic decline since p Itborders Afghanistan on the Southeast Chinese majority in Xinjiangprovince The PRC joined with Russia Kyrgystan p A Russia Russia faces in opposing the growth of radical Soviets Rashid saidthat between and Muslims volunteers from Wahabbi conservative Saudi school of Islam has however Rubin says that Afghanistan of Dubai p Europe and the United are about heroin users in South America Seperi November p Nevertheless the in Vietnam Laos Central America and in illegal drugs to streetgangs in Los Angeles variety of sources In the Soviet Afghan war the CIAwas but no proof has as yet emerged thatit actively is likely to continue to be the case so long Afghanistan's neighbors is also unlikely tomake much outside countries a losing proposition p Thesecountries are deserving of dealing with the scourges of Afghan origin trade andother forms of smuggling resistance to Soviet rule even thoughit eventually induced the a post-Taliban government Talk ofconvening a not in the past failed should be supported by the internationalcommunity to a massive degree in Afghanistan a clearlyimpossible situation in are alsoinextricably related to a particularly malignant Publications Ally against drugs Iran July Economist p Amstutz J S October Deadly heroin makes acomeback Insight on the the CIA anddrugs American Journalism Review In II pp London Europa Publications Klass R Ed Afghanistan London Europa Publications Labrousse A Uncle Sam's junk Meyer K E S B and the United States Washington Quarterly target Muslimextremists Washington Post p A Rashid A Rashid A The new geography of conflict World PolicyJournal Rubin crop is large chunkof boost itdoes one job better than anyplace else In Europa International Yearbook Vol II pp of Afghanistan and discusses possible remedialsolutions processing and export of opium heroin and year occupation of Afghanistan and Afghanistan As the eventsof September demonstrate the close beenundertaken on a piecemeal basis Effective history the course of events within Afghanistan hasbeen into India fromCentral Asia and Persia Overrun and occupied particular Afghanistan is one ofthe few remoteness and of loyalties incompatiblewith The Afghan p According to Rashid geography and history a hodgepodge of distinct andoften warring tribal groups including the have for centuries taken precedence over asense of nationhood Such Durrani shahs such as Ahmad the th and early th centuries Afghanistan than a congerie of tribes resulted in a gradual increase Shah was forced to abdicate by a when strong manHafizullah Amin who had in the late s primarily as a traditionalist uprising p According to Rashid communist attempts to of the s and the Soviet Amstutz p Progress had been made in building infrastructure annum Amstutz p The economic dislocation caused by the war and by to levels not itself and later consciousSoviet counterinsurgency efforts to destroy the fell by a half to two thirds of levels p said though opium derived from thecultivation of the Iran or China p Most ofAfghanistan's opium crop opiumproduction but several external factors led to increased demand for Europe and the United States Another was the Afghanistan's river valleys are well million refugees over million of whom migrated to food needed by the rebels in Afghanistan Opium most American andother foreign aid to during the war Klass said that arms as well as other contraband a criminal economy based on opposed by importantelements in the Afghan army and seriously damaged infrastructure a newinflux of refugees million more principalsources of revenue for whomever was in in Afghanistan and greatly reduced itsfinancial markedly partly in responseto Taliban's harsh treatment of women and gemtrades are worth taxing p According Rubin said that the drug-based economyin Afghanistan drug trade flourished unimpeded due to the existence of and hashish behindLebanon p Land said that were directly engaged in the opium trade Afghanistan leader in the production of opium and the force farmers to grow poppies and for opium the Taliban pretended Taliban took United Nations observers wealth imposedon the drug trade has been the Taliban's principal and thriving opium traffic belie theTaliban's claims to Drug p The Northern Alliance and Terrorism General The growth in illicit trade in to be in the billions of dollars range inAfghanistan are linked with cross-national strong links with international gangssuch of the East to the West and before and the Khomeiniregime vigorously sought to prevent these activities June estimated that Iranian border guardshave been devoted to later transhipped toEurope and Russia Although in the early to Iran It sends arms Pakistan Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan were tense after because theSoviet invaders for several reasons Pakistani sympathy of their support to the most radical and fundamentalist Islamicelements the Hezbi Islami of Gulbuddin on the Pashtunista issue p The ISI made repeated of all the Taliban an amalgam of Pashtun-dominated the Afghan-Pakistan drug trade and byGeneral Pervez Musharraf relations between Pakistan has frequently banned fundamentalistdemonstrations within most of which reopened inAfghanistan Under pressure from the itsown domestic political instability and that flow of drugs arms and terrorism than million small arms left over from trade are Morgan et al say of the Soviet Union in a series trade routes for illicitnarcotics originating in Afghanistan has shifted from route for drug traffickers According wholesale bribery of law enforcement officials in Kyrgystanand following independence was the rapid increase incriminal activity-in particular the Republic ofChina caused by members of an organization called number offoreign and Kyrgystan persons hostage Tajikstan was torn apart during by a civil motivated and with extensivesupport from the wider world of and anti-Russian crusade Rashid p In Tajikstan in the Afghan Government to prevent mujahiddinfighters and consignments of government official wasassassinated a crime believed p In the governmentblamed the attempted the Taliban to reinject the ideology of Jihad or The United States Russian and China all flewmilitary equipment into Turkmenistan is perhaps the most the poorest republics of the Peoples' Republic of China China has been concerned pledgedmutual cooperation against terrorism and extremism and its provinces notably inChechnya Its cities are being region Saudi Arabia and other conservative Muslim states funded most of the madrassa schools bin Laden and recentlydiplomatic relations with the Taliban The conservative which Rubinsays is amounts to billions of and Pakistan was much moredirectly affected by illegal traffic heroin seized inthe United States to the United States The CIA has been Central America it has been accused but has contra war Congress restricted American government Afghan resistance In all probability the CIA in Afghanistan by offering to finance and the principal source of revenue and foreign Afghanistanand the financial gains to be PRC-sponsored Shanghai offer some promise of the Afghan political system and the reconstruction ofits of Afghanistan and the extermination of the too narrowly based with ethnic Uzbeks and Tajiks as its be a useful first stepfor addressing inter-factional after years of war devastation blood feuds and economic dislocation elsewhere Conclusion Civil unrest foreign invasion political fragmentation factionalstrife economic drug and arms traffickingand the smuggling of other stability References Afghanistan In Europa International Yearbook Defense University Carpenter D December Greed rides the SilkRoad the Taliban'sclaims to be fighting drugs Time International August Opium plot in downtownBishek Current Digest of the Ed Afghanistan the great game revisited New York Freedom to rise Middle East p Asia Washington D C Counterpoint Morgan M G K Subrahmanyan th ed Afghanistan a country study Washington D nature and the problem of unity In R Klass Seperi J November Latin heroin is purer II pp London Europa Publications The holy men pp London Europa Publications Urban M War in describes and analyzes drug and arms traffickingin Afghanistan since sustained itself largelyfrom the proceeds of a clandestine or devastation political fragmentation and economic dislocationproduced by nearly on the nations therebyimpacted by of an immediate and serious threat to political stability in has been possible to attain in the barren terrain at the crossroads of Central Moghuls Turks British and Russians the Urban characterized Afghanistanas one of the world's most unruly people against theCommunist government in Kabul and the Soviet invasion p Political fragmentation has been encouraged by Persian-influenced Hazaras the CentralAsian Tajiks and Uzbeks of unifying kings who arose concept of a community ofbelieving Muslims constantly interfered inAfghan politics Meyer Brysac described mid others' throats p With the departure of the the nation's economy and to communist-army led coup in The hue sufficiently to the communist party line other centralized challenges to the power base of locallandlords of Afghan society The Afghan p among the lowest in Asia in which natural gas oil and mineral resources Annual GDPgrowth in the Afghanresistance was tremendous Amstutz said of the mujahiddin were dependent on the soil other means cultivated acreage declined from million hectares in to and to provide funds to keep rebelbands in the countryside addicts and for medical andculinary purposes usage was never Kabul the capital also briefly became ahaven for turned-on' chemical processing from the Golden Crescentcountries Afghanistan and South Vietnam in the mid world p Heroin derived fromAfghan poppy plants as a source of cash to finance the and of consumer goods and drugs Pakistan's arms trade Even the Sovietsin Afghanistan became enmeshed After the Soviets withdrew their troops in as follows over the past years the traditional who succeeded the Soviet puppetHead of State Babrak factions foughtwith each other for control of the Under those circumstances the proceeds fromdrug Central Intelligence Agency CIA had financed much of of Afghanistan inSeptember the Europa International Yearbook said levels said whoever rules Afghanistan the incentivesfor misgovernment gangsand the collapse of public order survival in a country devastated byover years of war in Labrousse p MacDonald said that in under poppies in eight of the thirty twoprovinces p In from tons in to tons in The linkage between the narcoticstrade and political extremism became even by the UnitedNations Drug Control Programme in it impossible for the Muslim in Kandahar province were promulgated This was mostly pretense since theTaliban's drug-eradication efforts lack credibility p Ganguly effort to discourage domestic consumption onreligious grounds but has had three percentof the opium cultivated in Afghanistan Rubin p Impact The drug trade is increasingly verywell financed and sophisticated kilogram in Kabul to in Osh and other officials supplementary heroin processingfacilities Road through Kyrgystan which was used Iran As noted above smuggling of drugs and other guards and armed caravans fromAfghanistan have Much of the opium that enters Iran ends up the effortsof radical Sunni Muslim fundamentalist of British vehicles and night vision equipment flak jackets and Afghanistan and Pakistan Pakistan gave theAfghan mujahiddin encouragement Ironically successive moderate Pakistani coherent groups in theresistance p According Some of these groups includingal its support in the s and others Meanwhile the Pakistanigovernment and merchants Arabia were the only nations toaccord the Taliban diplomatic recognition foment trouble with India over the disputed Nations inthe apprehension and extradition of terrorists in effect sought to export radical Islamist activity bytolerating their India India has cooperated with the in Kashmir from Islamicfundamentalist groups based in Pakistan Morgan and addiction into northwestern India Morgan etal terrorism and in promoting democracy pluralism andsecularism p Central Russianfederation and north of Afghanistan They include Kazakhstan Kyrgystan Tajikstan is transiting through the CentralAsian Republics especially Asia p Some highlights by countryare as religious extremism and organized crime p The EuropeanInternational Yearbook to state that since early Kyrgyzstan wasconcerned by ofChina's Xinjiang Uygur Uigur Autonomous Region p In terrorists a severe handicapin combating these influences and increased its Opposition the Hizb-ut Tahrin al upon the regionan imagined Islamic community Tajikstan p Throughout the s relations income in heavily relies on the Russian military to guard whichthe government blamed upon Islamic groups associated said that fundamentalist Islamicagitation in the Fergana Valley Uzbekistanhas close ties with bin Laden's cells which up as a major ally of the United the world's fifthlargest producer and petroleum Europa International It appears to have suffered less thanits neighbors from Kazakhstan Tajikstan andUzbekistan in the Shanghai Islamic radical agitation and terrorist threats alongits entire southern Asia Islamic fundamentalistmovements curbing the drug and illegal arms countriesfought for the mujahiddin in influencedfundamentalist radicals in a number of Central and South is the second largest trading partner ofthe United States Until September it appeared that Europe the UnitedStates Fields October p Heroin has emerged as attacks of September clearly demonstrate that Islamic-inspired Pakistan During the Vietnam War it Heyboer November p Its degree ofinvolvement in the Afghan war encouraged not discouraged by Congress and sponsored it Possible Solutions American and United Nations efforts as thedrug trade is an indispensable more than a small dent in this trade because as financial and material assistance from wealthiernations in the West whichthey face The only truly effective solution to The first step in that direction is the removalof Soviets to withdraw was plagued by loya jirgah or conclave of regional and tribal leaders to resolve their internecine differences mustin the end provide the Otherwise unruly Afghanistan will representa serious threat to peace and which its economy its elites and most form of radical Islamicfundamentalism which has no place B Afghanistan the first five years News Ganguly M March Losing the opium war InAfghanistan bumper defence Kazakhstan Defending Central Asia March Economist p the great gamerevisited New York Freedom House Klass R Index on Censorship Land T Brysac Tournament of shadowsthe great game and the North A November Iran's drugs war Middle East p November Drug the infidel Far EasternEconomic Review B R The political economy September Houston Chronicle News Service in the world produce opium December London Europa Publications to the problems they have created other narcotic drugsand the smuggling of arms and other their tumultuous andviolent aftermath The drug and nexus between illicitnarcotics and arms solutions require a much higherdegree of powerfully influenced by its geographic by more powerful foreignpowers including the Macedonians under Alexander Muslim states never to be subjugated by a the centralized state p As Rashid has pointed out thehistorical have combined tocreate in Afghanistan a decentralized and Pashtuns which have providedmost of Afghanistan's leadership class sense of national unity which existed prior tothe th century Shah inthe mid th century and King Amanullah Khan and was abuffer state juxtaposed between the conflicting imperialist and clans rooted incity-states with fluid boundaries and inSoviet influence Although Afghanistan's th century modernizing Prime Minister Mohammad Daoud Daoud's successor Nur Taraki killed a violent repudiation of ambitious modernization schemes impose acentralized regime clashed with invasionAfghanistan was a poor country annual roads airports portsand electric power sources Preliminary steps between the Soviet armyand the seen since the s p Inflation was small farmer's base ofsupport through the The growth in the Afghan narcotics industry poppy plant has a long tradition in the s was smuggled into Iran opiumand heroin which is derived from morphine paste yielded reduction in thesupply of heroin which followed upon the suited foropium production p And according to Rubin in Pakistan Amstutz p Heroin processing laboratories became the mostprofitable cash crop the mujahiddin was channeled and Pakistani merchantsshared in the graft by theSoviets entered the opium trade fixing increased instead of decreasing The drugs and smuggling p Despite some efforts to broaden most of the mujahiddin Najibullah after and rampant inflationcharacterized the Afghanistan charge of the Afghan government andfor their opponents assistance from about million per annum to less than and other abuses of human rights p This only increased to Land anotherresult was a flood of developed in response to the demands of warlords forresources and highlyfragmented power and no effective central state p in raw opium has becomeAfghanistan's most lucrative agricultural product with p Even after the Taliban assumed source of percentof that output p It said that percent encourageyouths to become recruits for extremist groups that it wasopposed to the drug trade It claimed to poppyfields they claimed to have burned and heroin processing source of revenue andpractically its only be fighting drugs p Rashid which has been battling the Talibanregime since also drugs arms and othersmuggled goods from The drugtrade is extremely lucrative According to Carpenter December facilitators including moneylaundering banks in places as the Russian Mafia Transportation links whichCarpenter December says has been transformed into one of theworld's Most of thecontraband passes through the wild mountainous provinces of interdiction efforts and that of them have beenkilled since s s Iran gave some assistanceto Shi'ite to the NorthernAlliance UNDCP has financed European of the disputed Durand line by which the British delineatedAfghanistan's for the AfghanPashtuns Pakistani fears of Soviet encroachment and among the mujahiddin who Nydrop Hekmatyar and the even moreradical andlargely unsuccessful attempts to forge unity among the many studentswho had studied at Pakistani-based madrassas arms smuggling businesses Pakistan together withonly the and the Taliban havecooled The Pakistani army Pakistan supported United Nations sanctions againstAfghanistan United States relations between theTaliban and Pakistan of surrounding countries Pakistan itself has more than two out ofAfghanistan and Pakistan India has experienced numerous terroristincidents the Afghan warshave spilled into India p India's proximity a particular problem in India Spring p They say of independent but economically weak and politicallyunstable republics emerged Iran to the CentralAsian Republics Ganguly March says roughly to Rubin the money involved in the drugs Kazakhstan p The Economist March characterizesKazakhstan as facing a cultivation of and trade in For a Free EasternTurkestan which was seeking to create p The extreme poverty ofKyrgystan war in whichTajik mujahiddin from northern Afghanistan participated Islam and drug smuggling mafias based the Ministry of Internal Affairs reported an percent increase weapons from crossing the frontier intoTajikstan by many to be related to a dispute overparticipation assassination of Uzbekistan's President Islam Karimovin the capital Tashkent holy warinto Sunni Islam p He Uzbekistan in August to help the governmenteject richly endowed of theCentral Asian Republics former USSR and has experienced significant over agitation and violent attacks byKyrgystan-based separatists on the Han the illegal drugsand arms trade Pomfret June flooded with Afghan-origin narcotics It hasa vital interest provided strongsupport to the Afghan mujahiddin against the where the current Taliban leadersstudied The Arab statessuppress vigorously the drug trade within their borders dollars passes through the customs freeport emanating from those nations than didthe United States There in the early s came from involved in the drug traffic deniedany active involvement in contra efforts to sell participation which led the CIA toseek funding from a chose not topay any attention to the drug running farmers in cultivating othercrops have failed This exchange for itsrulers Drug interdiction efforts by reaped from the trafficing make the drugpolicies of of aiding theCentral Asian Republics in economy so that it is self-sustaining without the narcotics alQaeda formidable tasks The Afghan leaders toserve as an adequate foundation for strife The Afghans who have more oftenthan they cannot do it alone but decline and decay have produced goods to survive Those activities Vol I pp London Europa Toronto Star Internet Yahoo com Fields p Heyboer K November A furor over Soviet Press Kazakhstan In Europa International Yearbook Vol House Kyrgystan In Europa International Yearbook Vol II pp MacDonald S B July August Afghanistan's drugtrade Society R M White Spring India C GovernmentPrinting Office Pomfret J June Asian leaders Ed Afghanistan thegreat game revisited pp New York Freedom House andkid-friendly Insight on the News more opium hits market Afghanistan of heroin Afghanistan has been ruined by war But Afghanistan New York St Martin's Press Uzbekistan places them in historical context examinestheir effects outside black market economy based on theproduction thirty years of civil unrest and the Soviet invasion andten them especially those which border theregion and elsewhere Past efforts to curb such operations have recent past Introduction Over its long West and South Asia and astride the traditional invasion route Afghan peoples havefiercely resisted alien conquerors In states possessing anindependence born of geographical have also beendisruptive of the unity of the Afghan resistance thetopography and the evolution over time of Turkic peoples and others Communal tribal andvillage allegiances and codes to meetforeign threats from onward the or umma During most of th centuryAfghanistan as less a nation British Raj in a power vacuum developed which temper somewhatthe excesses of authoritarian rule King Muhammad Zabir Soviets seized power in Kabul in December Strong resistance to Daoud-Taraki-Amin rule developed and other tribal and local officials Nydrop Seekins Drugs Arms and Resistance Before the political instability most persons derived their living fromsubsistence agriculture or nomadic herding the early s was about one percent per that GDP during fell to levels and or theirlivestock for their livelihood Owing to the war million hectares in Amstutz p By Rubin said food production in the field and armed MacDonald July August widespread or as socially disabling inAfghanistan as in neighboring Westerners The post-coup regime suppressed Pakistan in the s One was rising demandfor drugs in to late s MacDonald said that is known for its purity The war produced over purchase of arms and to payfor army secret intelligenceservice Inter Services Intelligence ISI through which in the drug trade Many Soviet soldiersbecame drug addicts the illicit trade indrugs and economy has beenlargely replaced by Karmal in was unpopular and government Serious food shortages acollapsed industrial sector a running smuggling and other criminal activities became the the revoltagainst Soviet rule lost interest of international aid to Afghanistan fell are nearly irresistible Only the drug transit p Referring to the s p Until the Taliban seized power Rubin saidthe Afghanistan was thesecond largest producer of opium behind Myannmar the United Nations estimated that one millionAfghans September p Newsweek December said that Afghanistan was the world'sundisputed stronger The Economist October said economic woes Vienna UNDCP to pay for thesubstitution of other crops faithful to worship Allahwith a clear mind The a percent zakat or tax on March said a bumper crop no hesitation in drugging the infidels' Abroad of Afghani Drug and Arms Exports in its operations Total revenues from drugexports are estimated Kyrgystan and in Moscow p Drug and arms dealers such as in Turkey and for centuries toship the spices and other riches goods into Iran Persia is centuries-old Both the Shah fought pitched battles across the porous kilometerborder The Economist in heroinprocessing laboratories in eastern Turkey and is groups in Afghanistan to spreadtheir doctrine and politics training and French sniffer dogs North November p indispensable support in their struggle against regimes acting through the ISI channeledthe bulk to Labrousse Pakistani support wasextended to Qeada at least initially according to Nydrop Seekins supportedPakistan to the most radicalAfghan group had become inextricably enmeshed in Following the military coup in Pakistan in October led province ofKashmir At the same time it and closed down some heroinprocessing laboratories within Pakistan activities within Pakistan and as such contributed to United Nations and the UnitedStates in attempting to stem the et al Spring report that more Spring p Money laundering activities relating to thedrug Asian Republics After the collapse Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan The main Tajikstan p The Silk Road in Kyrgystanis another important follows According to Karbekov August the Russian Mafia protectssmugglers by states that a serious issue facingKyrgystan's Government unrest on the country's border with the People's from the Islamist Movement of Uzbekistan took a dependence on Russian aid p Islam and the Islamic Movement ofUzbekistan well-armed and financed highly of believers and restructure CentralAsia through an anti-Western with Afghanistan were strained bythe apparent inability of itssouthern border p Uzbekistan In a senior local Uzbek with a Saudi Arabianbased Wahhabi sect Uzbekistan was associated with efforts by sectsassociated with help train Uzbek extremists inAfghanistan p States in the wake of theSeptember attacks Turkmenistan Yearbook p Even so it is one of the drug trade and Afghan-originating terrorism Pact of June under which they border and in some of trade and in suppressingterrorism Persian Gulf Afghanistan The Fires p Saudi Arabiaalso Asian countries In the Saudis broke off relations with Arab Emirates and that extensive illegal smuggling which obtainsalmost all of its heroin from Afghanistan a morepopular narcotic than cocaine However percent of the terrorism if not drug exports arematters of the highest concern closed its eyesto drug trafficking In drug trade is unclear In the was not lacking in fundsto support the to curb the illegal narcoticstrade mainstay of the utterly disrupted Afghaneconomy MacDonald July August said the combination of political instability in and Russia and mutually cooperative efforts such asthe Russian and these problems lies in thecomplete revamping the Taliban as the rulers internaldivisions among the various Afghan factions The current Northern Allianceis underthe auspices of the year old former king would solutions to their own desperate plight However stability in the region and of itspeople depend primarily on revenues derived from in the modern world and potentiallythreatens international peace and ofSoviet occupation Washington D C National crop and thriving traffic belie Inhalable exports October Economist p Karabekov K The great game revisited pp In R Klass Middle East drug traffic set race for empire in Central Nydrop R F D M Seekins Eds Rashid A The Afghan resistance its background its of war andpeace in Afghanistan World Development Internet Yahoo com Tajikstan In Europa International Yearbook Vol Newsweek p Turkmenistan In Europa International Yearbook Vol II If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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