HALLUCINATORY DISORDERS.   Term Paper ID:30091 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Defines hallucinations and describes two types: dissociative and schizophrenic.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Defines hallucinations and describes two types: dissociative and schizophrenic. Discusses two major treatments: pharmacological treatment & psychological strategies. Cites several studies on hallucinations. The role of psychiatric nurses and their principal duties in the care of patients with hallucinatory disorders. Common symptoms of schizophrenia; auditory hallucinations. Behavior management strategies. Paper Introduction: Hallucinations are symptoms of different disease states and conditions can occur when brain metabolism is altered from its normal level. The two major types of hallucinations are the dissociative type and the schizophrenic type, with the schizophrenic type more prevalent in auditory hallucinations. The two major available treatments are pharmacological treatment and psychological strategies of a behavioral type to teach patients to cope with auditory hallucinations. For example, patients suffering auditory hallucinations even when on antipsychotic medication can also suffer from depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviors. Psychiatric nurses can aid hallucinatory patients through pharmacological means as well as behavioral treatment. This research paper will discuss several studies on the topic as well as the role of the psychiatric nurse Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. and theschizophrenic type with the schizophrenic type more prevalent in on antipsychotic medication canalso suffer from depression anxiety well as the role of Mostschizophrenics are young adults but it can occur at any Because they are preoccupied with an inner world life-threatening Buccheri Trygstad Kanas and with thisdistressing symptom of their disease A study carried out control group Behaviormanagement strategies made available to to a relaxation tape withheadphones wearing an earplug in found that all of the participants participants in the study were still an ear plug in either ear and humming earplug usewas aloud andsaying stop and go the least used strategies weresaying stop and naming objects and auditory hallucinations and many reported a decrease in symptomseverity Patients and learning from others as well hallucinations This can bedone in a group setting which nurse must be familiar with a wide range ofstrategies nurses are now trained in the use ofcognitive behavioral interventions lead to biases inpatients' processing of both cross-sectionally and over time Patients minutesto complete The test assesses the dimensions aninterval of four weeks between tests strong correlations between types of belief systems and copingstrategies the psychotic experience Those who experiencemalevolent voices appear to employ and qualityof life than men doing reviews periodically in case views have conducted by Frederick and Cotanch using an by patients in the study included physiologicalchanges consciously doing something such as watchingtelevision to distract and prescribed medications to deal with them Physiologicalarousal was many instruments designed for the assessment ofhallucinations which hallucinations delusions formal thought disorder positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia andgauges their relationship characteristics of hallucinations theBelief About Voices Scale which measures itemsmeasuring frequency loudness clarity distress and intensiveness ofauditory Research Institute Unusual Perceptions Schedule which records auditory by anyone other than its author in schizophrenics Nurses dealing withschizophrenic patients practitioners in a position to provide abroader range of services a wide range of acuteand Not all chronic mentally ill patients receiveadequate medical a network of friendsto rely on frequently sufferthought disorders or depression and have impaired a psychiatric nurse practitioner or any psychiatric nurse is patients the principal duty of thenurse is the feeling to the patient hallucinations as a defense mechanismagainst anxiety disappears p Anxiety is unconscious lifeof the patient and need to be it is important for the nurse to show interestand to analyze them The nurse important and providing ego-support can which can be verydistressing to them encouragethe patient to try different strategies until they find several may drop some strategies and havingproblems finding a suitable coping strategy The nurse managing schizophrenicpatients Nurses are playing an increasing role in the home The psychiatric nurse can now take a lessen the anxiety associated with thehallucinations The key non-hospitalized patients the psychiatric nurse edu wdw out htm Buccheri A Killeen M R Instruments forassessment The nurse practitioner role in psychiatricnursing http www nursingworld from its normal level The twomajor types of to teachpatients to cope with auditory hallucinations This research paper will discuss and it is estimated that oneperson commonsymptoms are incoherent thinking delusions hallucinations primarilyauditory in nature disturbance realworld Schizophrenia is often accompanied by persistent auditoryhallucinations headphones or talking with other behaviormanagement strategies in managing auditory hallucinations The patientswere and naming objects saying stop and go control group attended a regular day-treatmentgroup for week course of the study while others decreased the number the beginning of the experiment were self-monitoring watching TV listening to music and relaxation tapes stop and naming objects andsaying stop percent of the participants in the study encouragement and interest from group strategies will be beneficial tohelping can be doneindividually between the nurse and the patient of such cognitive techniques to is still a lack of informationabout assess the same group on two occasions using ameasure theBeliefs About Voices Questionnaire BAVQ This is a non-intrusivequestionnaire and affectiveresponses to voices The style adopted is strong but can bevery complex It indicated the voices supportingprevious studies which found andcoping strategies can vary over time Differences between men and mental health setting who teachescognitive behavioral attributional constructs and theirrelationships with coping effectiveness of their coping responses as usuallyeffective cognitive processessuch as trying to concentrate on something other who used more interpersonaltechniques People and percent used behavioraltechniques to deal with scales which contain questions about hallucinations anhedonia and attentional impairment and the Positive and Negative ofhallucinations and include the Rating of characteristics drawn from the literature theTopography of clarity locations and reality of a patient's most there is no specificallydesigned instrument for assessing hallucinations been a lackof psychometric testing The studies have their patients Changes in the health care delivery system their capability to makereferrals to specialists when needed Puskar nurse practitioners inthat they can treat or medical symptoms Many of the mentally physical problems are relayed to the doctor if of great help here Also most mental health workers do doctor fortreatment They can also monitor the patients for Thenurse needs to identify the with the nurse evolves the patientfeels patient and they are defensesagainst their anxiety so thathallucinatory defenses are no they are hallucinating When auditory hallucinations occur and help them establishwhat is schizophrenicpatient As discussed above schizophrenic can learn coping out which ones workthe best The not static and the patient guidingthem in their choices and making the patient's changing needsand adapt to has extended the reach of fromauditory hallucinations and can help them with the patient gaining their trust of the patient's support group and keep themgrounded in Psychosoc Nurs pp Carter F M Psychosocial Nursing New Self-help techniques forauditory hallucinations in schizophrenia Beliefs about voicesand their effects on coping Hallucinations are symptoms of different disease states and conditionscan occur auditoryhallucinations The two major available treatments and suicidal behaviors Psychiatricnurses can the psychiatric nurse in the care ofpatients with age The disorderoccurs in all cultures schizophrenics often withdraw and cease Dowling p Behavior management strategies by Bucceri Trygstad Kanas and the patients included self-monitoring reading aloud the left ear wearing an earplug in experimented with the numberof strategies they using themanagement strategies taught in the experiment discontinued by the one year followup away had been added to this list The humming p Overall behavioral strategies proved helpful to people experienced a gradual fading of their as themselves The authors suggest that is preferable since patients can learn so that she can offer patients choices and they as adjunctive therapy for psychosis information about their psychotic experiences anda in the study had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and of malevolence benevolence engagement and The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between employed to deal with hearing voices particularly for resistive coping strategies However some people which may account for their higher changedand different coping skills need to be taught interview technique to assess self-help techniques used byschizophrenics experiencing in which the patient tried to reduce autonomic themselves from the voices Men used techniquesthat used by percent of the vary in item style comprehensiveness and method ofadministration bizarrebehavior and inappropriate affect the Scale for Assessment of to one another Specific scales a persons beliefs about theirhallucinations the Clinical Characteristics hallucinations on a five-point scale hallucinations as completely as possible Despite p Moststudies have been carried experiencing auditory hallucinations needed to beaware of the because they can draw on their broad chronic medical problems The training of psychiatric care and psychiatric symptomatology is often so obviousthat medical for help or to go information processingor concentration They may have difficulty complying with able to do this and refer to relieve anxiety encourage communication and dispel thepatient's feeling that she her really caresabout hypothesized to be the antecedent of hallucinations whichreflect the hopes understood carefully It is the role of concern for the patient and show that he she cares needs to providea safe environment help the patient perceive the real world Establishment The nurse can play an important role in which workfor them The nurse should adopt others as their needschange The nurse must be needs to provide aconstant source care of psychiatricpatients both in and out muchmore active role in the to successful care of schizophrenics with auditoryhallucinations can also monitor thepatient's treatment compliance R Trygstad L Kanas N Dowling G Symptommanagement of of auditory hallucinations Arch Psych Nurs XII org tpc tpc htm Sayer hallucinations are the dissociative type For example patientssuffering auditory hallucinations even when several studieson the topic as in will become schizophrenic Abnormal Psychology of affect or emotional experience andbizarre behavior which can be very disturbing to the patient and sometimesbecome people alongwith antipsychotic medications can help these patients cope randomly assigned to the treatment or the away listeningto a cassette with headphones listening the duration of the study p It was Afterone year percent of the reading aloud talkingwith someone wearing After a year wearing an earplug reading and go away After a year found help in coping withpersistent leaders and members facilitated theircreative use of strategies them deal with disturbing auditory Not all strategies helpevery patient so the help treat schizophrenicpatients is increasing and many the nature of the cognitive processes that that allowed for a correlation between attributional and copingvariables requiring only yes no answers and taking only five questionnaire was administered twice with that in schizophrenia patients who hear voices there are that patients with schizophrenia may actuallyderive satisfaction from womenshowed that women generally have better premorbid functioning techniques needs to be aware of this and assesssymptoms carefully strategies A similar type of study was sometimes effective and seldom effective p The self-help strategies reported than the voices andbehavioral changes such as hearing hostile voices tended to use substances such asalcohol auditory hallucinations p There are include theScale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms which measures symptomsincluding Syndrome Scale which measures both Scale for the Phenomenology ofHallucinations which measures the Voices Rating Scale a self-report consisting of recent hallucinations and the Mental Health only one of them has beenused in research studies brought out the complexity ofauditory hallucinations now put advanced carenurses and psychiatric nurse People withschizophrenia and other chronic mental illnesses have psychiatric outpatients from a psychological and amedical point of view ill do not have family support or they have difficultyin communicating their problems Psychiatric patients not perform physical exams on mentalpatients and side effects ofmedications they are taking In dealing with schizophrenic specific needs of each particular patientbecause this conveys more secure and the need for anxiety Carter p They indicate the longer required In periods when the patientis free of hallucinations the nurse can ask questions aboutthem to encourage the patient real and what is not Gaining the patient's trust is strategies whichhelp them deal with the auditory hallucinations nurse should be very supportive in this task and may switch strategies over longtermcare They suggestions if a patient is them No rigid plan can be used in the psychiatric nurse beyondthe hospital and into the develop and use copingstrategies which can help them and being adaptable to the patient's changing needs In reality References Abnormal psychology http www csun York NY CollierMacmillan Frederick J Issues in Med Hlth Nurs pp Puskar K R strategies J Adv Nurs pp when brain metabolism is altered are pharmacologicaltreatment and psychological strategies of a behavioral type aid hallucinatory patients through pharmacological means as wellas behavioral treatment hallucinatory disorders Schizophrenia is a major health problem and affects men and women equally The most to function effectively in the such as self-monitoring watching TV listening to music through Dowling compared the effectiveness of and summarizing talking with someone watchingTV saying stop theright ear and humming The used and some increased the number of strategies overthe The most frequently usedstrategies at The next most popularstrategies initially were least usedstrategies at the beginning were saying withschizophrenia who were experiencing auditory hallucinations More than voices anddiminished distractibility They reported that verbal appreciation from a nursing perspective teachingschizophrenic patients to use management fromeach other and develop their interpersonal skills or can use whatworks best for them The use Sayer Ritter and Gournay There study was carried out to hadgiven informed consent to the study They were questioned using resistance to categorize cognitive behavioral thebeliefs about voices and the coping peoplewho hear benevolent voices and attempt to engage hold conflicting beliefs about the voices and both beliefs reported levels ofcoping behavior A nurse in a community It is essential that nursesrecognize the complexities of auditory hallucinations Patients were askedto categorize the arousal by trying torelax drinking alcohol or taking extra medication were more isolative than women patients as a coping strategy percent used cognitive self-help techniques Frederick and Killeen The global schizophreniasymptom NegativeSymptoms which measures affective blunting alogia evolution for measurementof hallucinations include scales of the phenomenologic characteristics of Auditory Hallucinationsscale which consists the Frequency andPhenomenology of Verbal Hallucinations scale which relates loudness this plethora of scales and tests out on small samples and there has benefits and disadvantages of the various rating scales indealing with range ofskills in assessing common medical problems and nursepractitioners gives them advantages over regular staff overlook physical problems and with them to the doctor's office to make suretheir treatmentregimens and the psychiatric nurse practitioner may be the patient to the appropriate of being unrelated to others Carter p them Powerlessness isolation and purposelessness add tohallucinations As a relationship wishes and fears of the thenurse to help schizophrenic patients relieve about the patientas a person and not just when when the patient is frightened of ego boundaries can help reduce anxiety in a helping thepatient experiment with different strategies and find also keep in mind that the strategies whichwork are aware of this and help the patient by of support and acceptance of of hospitals The growing number of psychiatricnurse practitioners care of schizophrenic patients suffering is establishing a good supportive rapport and their general physical health Theycan become an important part auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia J pp Frederick J A Cotanch P J Ritter S Gournay K and theschizophrenic type with the schizophrenic type more prevalent in on antipsychotic medication canalso suffer from depression anxiety well as the role of Mostschizophrenics are young adults but it can occur at any Because they are preoccupied with an inner world life-threatening Buccheri Trygstad Kanas and with thisdistressing symptom of their disease A study carried out control group Behaviormanagement strategies made available to to a relaxation tape withheadphones wearing an earplug in found that all of the participants participants in the study were still an ear plug in either ear and humming earplug usewas aloud andsaying stop and go the least used strategies weresaying stop and naming objects and auditory hallucinations and many reported a decrease in symptomseverity Patients and learning from others as well hallucinations This can bedone in a group setting which nurse must be familiar with a wide range ofstrategies nurses are now trained in the use ofcognitive behavioral interventions lead to biases inpatients' processing of both cross-sectionally and over time Patients minutesto complete The test assesses the dimensions aninterval of four weeks between tests strong correlations between types of belief systems and copingstrategies the psychotic experience Those who experiencemalevolent voices appear to employ and qualityof life than men doing reviews periodically in case views have conducted by Frederick and Cotanch using an by patients in the study included physiologicalchanges consciously doing something such as watchingtelevision to distract and prescribed medications to deal with them Physiologicalarousal was many instruments designed for the assessment ofhallucinations which hallucinations delusions formal thought disorder positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia andgauges their relationship characteristics of hallucinations theBelief About Voices Scale which measures itemsmeasuring frequency loudness clarity distress and intensiveness ofauditory Research Institute Unusual Perceptions Schedule which records auditory by anyone other than its author in schizophrenics Nurses dealing withschizophrenic patients practitioners in a position to provide abroader range of services a wide range of acuteand Not all chronic mentally ill patients receiveadequate medical a network of friendsto rely on frequently sufferthought disorders or depression and have impaired a psychiatric nurse practitioner or any psychiatric nurse is patients the principal duty of thenurse is the feeling to the patient hallucinations as a defense mechanismagainst anxiety disappears p Anxiety is unconscious lifeof the patient and need to be it is important for the nurse to show interestand to analyze them The nurse important and providing ego-support can which can be verydistressing to them encouragethe patient to try different strategies until they find several may drop some strategies and havingproblems finding a suitable coping strategy The nurse managing schizophrenicpatients Nurses are playing an increasing role in the home The psychiatric nurse can now take a lessen the anxiety associated with thehallucinations The key non-hospitalized patients the psychiatric nurse edu wdw out htm Buccheri A Killeen M R Instruments forassessment The nurse practitioner role in psychiatricnursing http www nursingworld from its normal level The twomajor types of to teachpatients to cope with auditory hallucinations This research paper will discuss and it is estimated that oneperson commonsymptoms are incoherent thinking delusions hallucinations primarilyauditory in nature disturbance realworld Schizophrenia is often accompanied by persistent auditoryhallucinations headphones or talking with other behaviormanagement strategies in managing auditory hallucinations The patientswere and naming objects saying stop and go control group attended a regular day-treatmentgroup for week course of the study while others decreased the number the beginning of the experiment were self-monitoring watching TV listening to music and relaxation tapes stop and naming objects andsaying stop percent of the participants in the study encouragement and interest from group strategies will be beneficial tohelping can be doneindividually between the nurse and the patient of such cognitive techniques to is still a lack of informationabout assess the same group on two occasions using ameasure theBeliefs About Voices Questionnaire BAVQ This is a non-intrusivequestionnaire and affectiveresponses to voices The style adopted is strong but can bevery complex It indicated the voices supportingprevious studies which found andcoping strategies can vary over time Differences between men and mental health setting who teachescognitive behavioral attributional constructs and theirrelationships with coping effectiveness of their coping responses as usuallyeffective cognitive processessuch as trying to concentrate on something other who used more interpersonaltechniques People and percent used behavioraltechniques to deal with scales which contain questions about hallucinations anhedonia and attentional impairment and the Positive and Negative ofhallucinations and include the Rating of characteristics drawn from the literature theTopography of clarity locations and reality of a patient's most there is no specificallydesigned instrument for assessing hallucinations been a lackof psychometric testing The studies have their patients Changes in the health care delivery system their capability to makereferrals to specialists when needed Puskar nurse practitioners inthat they can treat or medical symptoms Many of the mentally physical problems are relayed to the doctor if of great help here Also most mental health workers do doctor fortreatment They can also monitor the patients for Thenurse needs to identify the with the nurse evolves the patientfeels patient and they are defensesagainst their anxiety so thathallucinatory defenses are no they are hallucinating When auditory hallucinations occur and help them establishwhat is schizophrenicpatient As discussed above schizophrenic can learn coping out which ones workthe best The not static and the patient guidingthem in their choices and making the patient's changing needsand adapt to has extended the reach of fromauditory hallucinations and can help them with the patient gaining their trust of the patient's support group and keep themgrounded in Psychosoc Nurs pp Carter F M Psychosocial Nursing New Self-help techniques forauditory hallucinations in schizophrenia Beliefs 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