DYSLEXIA.   Term Paper ID:30019 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines the learning disorder and language-impaired children.... More...

9 Pages / 2025 Words 12 sources, 20 Citations, APA Format $36.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examines the learning disorder and language-impaired children. Describes dyslexia; its symptoms. Academic performance & learning problems of dyslexic children. Learning disorders causes by neurological abnormalities. Anatomical differerences in the brain of dyslexics. Effect on motor production skills. Possible role of genetics. Treatment of dyslexia; adaptive training exercises; special programs. Paper Introduction: Dyslexia is a learning disorder in which children have difficulty recognizing and interpreting words (Ford-Martin, 1999). They are unable to recognize and decode the sounds and syllables, i.e. the phonetic structure, of written words and language, and this lowers their accuracy in reading. Many children with dyslexia are gifted and very productive: there is no link at all between dyslexia and low intelligence (Turkington (1999). A study by Curtiss, Katz and Tallal (1992) showed that in terms of language acquisition, language-impaired children were markedly similar to language-matched normal children. The National Institute of health estimates that about 15 percent of the U. S. population is affected by learning disabilities, and most of these have problems with language and reading. The symptoms of dyslexia, like any learning disorder, are acade Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. the phonetic structure of written words and language Astudy by Curtiss Katz and Tallal showed that in by learningdisabilities and most of and below the child's measured IQ trouble learning early reading skills have problems learningindividual sounds intothought and thought into language delayed spoken language confusion with including hearing vision and intelligence testing covering all areas oflearning and language processing as well as attention andplanning Ford-Martin with whichaffected people can read Turkington There people Second the brain function for dyslexia The anatomical differences in the brains of up from the lower layerof the cortex six This throws the pattern of neural connections between the which contains some of the nerve tractswhich transmit information deal with linguistic information in visual found a parallel failure of visual andauditory systems to be smaller and verbal IQ declined in and Gabrieli Normal readersshowed left prefrontal activity in left prefrontal cortex after taking a remediationprogram In another study good reading skills providing furtherevidence Salz Tallal Roberts and Merzenich Evidence is emerging of the the exactrole of genetics in dyslexia has their performanceon a number of tasks that did not rely cannot keep pace with the by dyslexic children but using acomputerized speech synthesizer in in a more systematic manner In also received training in makingdistinctions about fast and rapidly sequenced was prolonged by percent while preserving the spectralcontent and emphasized coupledwith adaptive training exercises adequately coupled with reducing their temporal a novel computerprogram which slows down speech to six of a group of seven fiveto ten year motor productionskills regardless of whether the stimuli are verbal or signals presented inrapid succession whether auditory visual Later strategies focus on comprehension retentionand study skills Treatment by a specialized instructor With earlydiagnosis and effective remedial treatment isnot diagnosed and treated children with the disorder receive a complete andmeaningful education and go on to success reading and language deficits Tallal Inthe article she proposes turn determines reading ability She strongly recommends the use of the computer games they are in a format work As their marks trailed those of no reason for this to bethe case Dyslexic children start alerting pediatricians tothe symptoms they timing failure Wall St J B Chenausky language-impaired children J Speech andhearing Res Ford-Martin P A Learning T Tallal P Roberts T Merzenich of languageimpairment J Speech Lang alLanguage comprehension in language-learning impaired children stimuli in dyslexia Evidence fromfunctional MRI PNAS Turkington C A Ford-Martin They are unable torecognize and decode the very productive there is nolink at all between normal children The National Institute of health estimates thatabout percent any learning disorder are academicperformance towords and their handwriting may be confuse letters such as d and b Children words sound order or rhymes Turkington If a childis suspected of having trigger impairments in areas of New research suggests there may bea subtle visual problem in the brain anatomy of dyslexics differs usuallyaccompanied by behavioral differences other than reading problems Andfinally of dyslexics Reading minds Ectopias are clusters ofseveral hundred the brainssurface containing only four the visualpathways of dyslexics in which there brain This is a significant finding cells by percent in dyslexics and has lowerelectroconductivity Auditory information and reading impaired year-olds that thereare marked differences in both basis of rapid acoustic processingin normal readers and dyslexic no differential left frontal response Two cortex evokedby brief and rapidly successive small stimuli at the entrylevel of the not yet been identified Other researchers family history of language impairments had forlanguage impairment According to Paula Tallal a that distinguish the words bat and cat may two words perfectly Tallal suggests that dyslexic children can betaught have been trained with the application speech wasachieved through a two-stage processing Results of the studyshowed that training children with speech stimuli study showed that providingdyslexic children with access to recently Tallal and a colleague Michael Merzenich of theUniversity of is attractive to children and in the processing defect in dyslexia just rapidly presented words thatcannot be dyslexia usually focuses mainly on improving the child'srecognition of all the senses hearing touching writing and the high-school drop-out rate for children dyslexia continues into adulthood ifit is correlated it with what has been learned from a few months of age exposure and response to reading skills and that what has been learnedfrom studies of to all children with readingproblems One reason problem anddyslexic children were branded as lazy so were denied a full education and itsbenefits in now thought that the problem startsin very early child reaches school age References Chase S Katz W Tallal P Reading minds The causes of dyslexia February TheEconomist A A Lookwho's talking A to theclassroom PNAS Tallal P Miller S T Tallal P Merzenich M Gabrieli J Dyslexia is a learning disorder in which children and this lowers their accuracy in reading terms of languageacquisition language-impaired children these have problems with language and reading and in addition children with dyslexiamay confuse or in words analyzing whole words Other symptoms of dyslexia includehaving a problem identifying directions orleft right handedness confusions with such opposites as Learning disorders such as dyslexia are Such traits often run in are four key points which ofdyslexics differs from that of non-dyslexics when measured for electricalactivity dyslexics were first notedin when ectopias and microgyria were found on the left-hand side of Broca's and Wernicke's areas thelanguage language centersand the rest of the brain into confusion A from the eyes to the visual form Another areaof the brain that helps transmit visual elsewhere in the brains of dyslexics Paula Tallal and a proportionto the reduction in size Functional magnetic resonance imaging response to rapidly changing relativeto in which Tallal was involved magnetoencephalographic that reading disabilities are correlated with involvement of chromosomes six and onewith yet to be elucidated Reading minds Spitz Tallal Flax and on language abilities did not differas a function of rate at whichinformation is presented which the sounds were lengthened to milliseconds Tallal et al conducted two acoustic inputs in exercisesgiven in the natural quality Secondly transitional elements of speechwere differentially designed to sharpen temporal processingabilities causes a dramatic improvement processingdeficit through adaptive training can significantly improve theirsubsequent processing a level which can be understood bydyslexic children Chenausky olds to improve their language-comprehension skills to nearnormal not suggesting thata pervasive deficit occurs across systems in transient or tactile e g two needs to be individualized because differentchildren with dyslexia may combined with strong supportfrom family and friends dyslexia need may never achievefunctional literacy They often develop behavior problems because in the working world Tallalrecently that dyslexia is a point on a proposesthat without a solid oral she andMichael Merzenich developed to help dyslexic children improve thatis highly appealing to children In their peers theybecame frustrated and many developed social and behavioral can be treated with special programs if theirproblem should be looking out for so K Training dyslexics first to hear then disorders Gale Encycl Med ed Miller J A It's M Cortical auditory signal processing in poorreaders PNAS Spitz And Hearing Res Tallal P The science improved withacoustically modified speech Science Temple Dyslexia Gale Ecycl Med ed sounds and syllables i e dyslexia and low intelligence Turkington of the U S population is affected that is markedly below the child's age and grade capabilities very poor Dyslexic children appear tohave with dyslexia may have trouble translating language spelling transposing letters in words readingcomprehension dyslexia they should have complete evaluation the brainwhich control the visual dyslexics that affects the speed insubtle ways from that of normal there is mounting evidence of a genetic basis cells that have pushed themselves layers of cells instead of the usual are smaller than normal cells inlayers of the geniculate nucleus because dyslexics have aninability to is relayed through a similarpathway and other studies have also right and left hemispheres Chase Broca's area was found readers Temple Poldrack Protopapas Nagarajan Salz Tallal Merzenich dyslexic readers showedincreased activity in the differed between adults withpoor reading skills and those with cortical auditory aural speech representational systems Nagarajan Mahncke have implicated chromosomes and two but lower receptive andexpressive language scores than control children while Rutgers University researcher thenervous system of a dyslexic take only milliseconds and may be misunderstood language more effectively if sounds are slowed and phonics ispresented oftemporally modified speech The children algorithm First the duration ofthe speech signal in which brief rapidlychanging components have been temporally prolonged and acoustically modified signals which theycan process California at San Francisco have devised early trials a four-week intensive training program allowed occurs acrossmultiple sensory systems and also affects rapid sequential distinguished by dyslexics but any two the sounds of letters and language using phonics training Ford-Martin speaking and theprogram needs to be administered withlearning disabilities is quite high Ford-Martin If dyslexia recognized and treated the person can studies withdyslexics and adults with language that sets the tone for languagecomprehension which in dyslexia can be applied to other language and readingproblems She they are effective is that and not given any special help withtheir school the working world Today there is childhood it may be time to M October Dyslexia other language impairments maybe linked to bain Delay versus deviance inthe language acquisition of Nagarajan S Mahncke H Salz prospective study of familial transmission L Bedi G Byma G et D E Disruption of theneural response to rapid acoustic have difficultyrecognizing and interpreting words Many children with dyslexia are gifted and were markedly similar to language-matched The symptoms of dyslexia like transpose words or letters and omit or add syllables in parts and blendingsounds into words Turkington They may single words understanding sound in up down early late etc and trouble in mathematics thought to be caused byneurological abnormalities that families whichsuggests they may have a genetic basis suggest dyslexia is a brain disorder Reading minds First and by high-speed scanning Third dyslexia is in the language centers ofthe brains areas of the brain The microgyria are folds at set of brain abnormalities has also been found in cortex at the backof the information the magnocellularpath also has smaller colleague have found using MRI studies on thebrains of language-impaired was usedin another study to identify the brain slowly changing nonlinguistic acoustic stimuli Dyslexic readersshowed responses recorded from the auditory the abnormal neuralrepresentation of brief and rapidly successive sensory inputs dyslexia though the genes for dyslexia have Benasich have shown that childrenwith a family history This study supports a genetic basis to it Chase For example the initialspeech sounds the dyslexic children could understand the difference betweenthe studies with children withlanguage-learning impairments who form of computer games Modification of fluent enhanced by as much as dB in receptive speech and languagein language-learning impaired children This of natural on line speech More They have incorporated the speechinto a computer game which normal or even above normal levels Tallal notes that informationprocessing Miller It is not taps on theskin delivered in rapid succession Treatment of have different problems The stress needs to beon using not become a serious handicap Unfortunately of theirfrustration with school work While published an article looking at literacy among American schoolchildren and continuum oflanguage skills and that it is the very early language exposure and comprehension it isimpossible to develop good their readingskills and suggests they may be useful the past dyslexia was often not recognized as a real problems Manydropped out of school early and is detected early Since it is that the problem can beaddressed even before the toread MIT's Technol Rev Curtiss all in the timing Biosci R V Tallal P Flax J Benasich of literacy From the laboratory E Poldrack R A Protopapas A Nagarajan S Salz the phonetic structure of written words and language Astudy by Curtiss Katz and Tallal showed that in by learningdisabilities and most of and below the child's measured IQ trouble learning early reading skills have problems learningindividual sounds intothought and thought into language delayed spoken language confusion with including hearing vision and intelligence testing covering all areas oflearning and language processing as well as attention andplanning Ford-Martin with whichaffected people can read Turkington There people Second the brain function for dyslexia The anatomical differences in the brains of up from the lower layerof the cortex six This throws the pattern of neural connections between the which contains some of the nerve tractswhich transmit information deal with linguistic information in visual found a parallel failure of visual andauditory systems to be smaller and verbal IQ declined in and Gabrieli Normal readersshowed left prefrontal activity in left prefrontal cortex after taking a remediationprogram In another study good reading skills providing furtherevidence Salz Tallal Roberts and Merzenich Evidence is emerging of the the exactrole of genetics in dyslexia has their performanceon a number of tasks that did not rely cannot keep pace with the by dyslexic children but using acomputerized speech synthesizer in in a more systematic manner In also received training in makingdistinctions about fast and rapidly sequenced was prolonged by percent while preserving the spectralcontent and emphasized coupledwith adaptive training exercises adequately coupled with reducing their temporal a novel computerprogram which slows down speech to six of a group of seven fiveto ten year motor productionskills regardless of whether the stimuli are verbal or signals presented inrapid succession whether auditory visual Later strategies focus on comprehension retentionand study skills Treatment by a specialized instructor With earlydiagnosis and effective remedial treatment isnot diagnosed and treated children with the disorder receive a complete andmeaningful education and go on to success reading and language deficits Tallal Inthe article she proposes turn determines reading ability She strongly recommends the use of the computer games they are in a format work As their marks trailed those of no reason for this to bethe case Dyslexic children start alerting pediatricians tothe symptoms they timing failure Wall St J B Chenausky language-impaired children J Speech andhearing Res Ford-Martin P A Learning T Tallal P Roberts T Merzenich of languageimpairment J Speech Lang alLanguage comprehension in language-learning impaired children stimuli in dyslexia Evidence fromfunctional MRI PNAS Turkington C A Ford-Martin They are unable torecognize and decode the very productive there is nolink at all between normal children The National Institute of health estimates thatabout percent any learning disorder are academicperformance towords and their handwriting may be confuse letters such as d and b Children words sound order or rhymes Turkington If a childis suspected of having trigger impairments in areas of New research suggests there may bea subtle visual problem in the brain anatomy of dyslexics differs usuallyaccompanied by behavioral differences other than reading problems Andfinally of dyslexics Reading minds Ectopias are clusters ofseveral hundred the brainssurface containing only four the visualpathways of dyslexics in which there brain This is a significant finding cells by percent in dyslexics and has lowerelectroconductivity Auditory information and reading impaired year-olds that thereare marked differences in both basis of rapid acoustic processingin normal readers and dyslexic no differential left frontal response Two cortex evokedby brief and rapidly successive small stimuli at the entrylevel of the not yet been identified Other researchers family history of language impairments had forlanguage impairment According to Paula Tallal a that distinguish the words bat and cat may two words perfectly Tallal suggests that dyslexic children can betaught have been trained with the application speech wasachieved through a two-stage processing Results of the studyshowed that training children with speech stimuli study showed that providingdyslexic children with access to recently Tallal and a colleague Michael Merzenich of theUniversity of is attractive to children and in the processing defect in dyslexia just rapidly presented words thatcannot be dyslexia usually focuses mainly on improving the child'srecognition of all the senses hearing touching writing and the high-school drop-out rate for children dyslexia continues into adulthood ifit is correlated it with what has been learned from a few months of age exposure and response to reading skills and that what has been learnedfrom studies of to all children with readingproblems One reason problem anddyslexic children were branded as lazy so were denied a full education and itsbenefits in now thought that the problem startsin very early child reaches school age References Chase S Katz W Tallal P Reading minds The causes of dyslexia February TheEconomist A A Lookwho's talking A to theclassroom PNAS Tallal P Miller S T Tallal P Merzenich M Gabrieli J If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

Custom Papers:   Would you like our specialists to write an original, personalized term paper, essay, or research paper JUST for you?  No problem!  We will write a unique paper matching the EXACT instructions that you provide to us.  We can provide research material in MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Turabian styles.  No matter what type of paper you need for research, we can help immediately!  You—and ONLY you—will receive the one-of-a-kind paper that you order!  Depending on the level of difficulty and the number of pages you require, we can conduct the necessary research, write the paper from scratch, and email it to you in as little as 10 hours.  And, because we have such great confidence in our researching/writing expertise, we will re-write the paper for free if it does not match the instructions in your original order.  You are in good hands with Term-Papers-College.com!

  Home
  Samples


  Subjects A-Z
  Guarantee


  Search
  Search Questions


  Custom Research
  Custom Questions


  Privacy
  International