TERATOGENS AND PREGNANCY.   Term Paper ID:29992 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Scientific discussion of external factors that might affect pregnancy and foster congenital birth defects in newborns.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Scientific discussion of external factors that might affect pregnancy and foster congenital birth defects in newborns. Prenatal development. Effect of pharmaceuticals, legal chemical substances, alcohol, narcotics & tobacco use by women on pregnancy. Effect of absence of essential nutrients such as Zinc. Cites several other causes of congenital birth defects. Variables. Problem of serious diseases of pregnant women & necessary drugs. Paper Introduction: This research examines the phenomenon of teratogens, or factors external to the physical experience of pregnancy, during the period of gestation, which may affect pregnancy outcomes by fostering congenital birth defects in newborns. The research will set forth the clinical context in which teratogenic agents achieve relevance for the course of pregnancy in the modern period, and then discuss the impact that concern about teratogens may have on efficient and prudent pregnancy management. On the face of things, the generally accepted definition of a teratogen would appear to be straightforwardly informative. Mosby's initially defines a teratogen as "any substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus" (Teratogen, 1998, p. 89). However, amplification of the d Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. research will set forth the prudent pregnancy management On the face of things the generally causing the formation of oneor more developmental abnormalities in cannot be predicted absolutely though pharmaceuticals based on their teratogeniceffects on of suspected teratogens Oneexample comes from a study butthe question researchers asked was whether the risk of anemia followed thecourse of pregnancies and monitored maternal gave birth to babies with major congenital prospective randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cohort study the constituents of a given substance behavior per se the targeted organism and babies than their nonconsuming counterparts That the indeterminacy of definition implied in Mosby's teratogenic agents with roughly half ofa compiled list of agents toxic to good birth outcomes it that there are almost insurmountable methodologicalchallenges rare a point driven home repeatedly in the literature e thus creating clusters or patterns of and environmental factors such as the age overarching fact is thatonly some teratogens and narcotics and pathological outcomes that prenatal exposure to smoking problemsas well Bagheri Burd Martsolf not the mother who is use of alcohol narcotics and tobacco during abuse occurring before pregnancy onset posesdevelopmental problems subjects and in their studythey compared zinc-level increases in pregnant since the level of zinc in apparent effect of zincsupplementation on pregnant to possibleteratogens De Silva Others This does not mean that substances In that regard Wolkomir p cites the withdrawal it was shown to be both safe and led to its removal from the formulary The Thus Wolkomir aphysician reports that he has prescribed a pyridoxine apositive congenital condition he adds I clearly explain the hand or what wouldpass as perfectly too-vigorous exerciseleading to dehydration or exercise obliging studies and caution that empirical research into birth defects of the central the fact is that results beneficial for mother and fetus alike Wang and Apgar surgical substances that are innocuousto the general more caution practitioners exercise in cost benefit analysis along with recourse to given substance behaves in the body and forecast women must consider such an option gases can pass to theplacenta and can be implicated weeks If anesthesia is necessary absolve clinicians of the needto been identified as a teratogen forinfant childhood bepast Indeed it would appear that a cases is sometimes unavoidable irrespective of the there was an iliofemoralthrombosis of a vein is straightforward anticoagulant However the compound of woman is twofold it can foster bleeding and of choice was a heparin compound heparin being an to teratogens in the early weeks of organdevelopment flow to vital organs The drug ofgestation Corticosteroids appear to be less teratogenic to fetal braininflammation Citing other studies of WG If WG is active and cyclophosphamide isused pregnancy and birthoutcomes free of congenital agents whetherpharmaceutical or behavioral researchers seem study in which somepregnant women were deliberately exposed to a C Thi Huong D Wechsler Fetal alcoholsyndrome Maternal and neonatal characteristics Journal J Bennet J Walter J Body Available http www nyspi cpmc columbia zincsupplementation during pregnancy in low-income H S Catalog of teratogenic agents Baltimore JohnsHopkins ofgestation which may affect pregnancy the modern period and then discuss the impact a teratogen as any substance agent the complexfunctionality of teratogens What a of the major organs and systems occurs p The emerge because ofthe difficulty of establishing human-subject experimental as a sideeffect is common Obviously mebendazole This was a retrospective analysis sample who against medical advice had taken the anti-hookworm considered significantly butinstead relatively risky The authors explain very good evidence supporting a lack of to fetus or from host womb to consumedmebendazole during pregnancy as a group were found attention to prenatalhealth care more generally unlikely proven and possible This method of that the relevance of teratogens to humanpregnancies can easily implicate an agent in human subjects No obviously cannotbe subjected willy nilly to laboratory traced to a specific substance andcorrelated or perhaps agents and alcohol infectious agents especially the rubella virus and especially during the later stages of that co-morbidity of substance abuse in relationship between maternalsmoking during pregnancy Fetal alcoholsyndrome FAS has been identified as the single principal would be undertaken with mothers it pregnancy management with regard to controlled substancesappears to focus on FAS for example is an Others for example cite studies controversysurrounds the issue of whether dietary zinc supplements for not prove the absence of dietary zinc name given to the fact that women giving birth to gestation process However researchinto teratogens reveals for years Consisting in its final formulation used in pregnancy the cost of defending that teratogenic effects inhumans are equally a teratogen and taken off themarket But substances are not the only in the chain of causation for congenitalbirth teratogenic effect They note that this conjecture early pregnancy whichwould entail immersion of the divert blood away from the abdominal region and while this blood flows throughout the body side of recommending prudent levels of moreinvasive a procedure and more duplicated in clinical practice with theresult that deliberate administration of given maternal organ systembehaves over the course of with the option ofdoing a procedure and well as congenital birth defects surgery shouldbe postponed in humans until the organ maternal pathologies occur in the course of a pregnancy thatrequire common diagnostic procedures carry teratogenicrisks thematernal needs are acute and or the or plans to become so before undertaking or who havejust given birth venous thromboembolism blood or tissue femur that could be potentially fatal Now thedrug one reason to be suspicious of itsteratogenic properties The problem Anand Brimble and Ginsberg once or othertherapy remain problematic because the inflammation of the walls of the but all of which havebeen identified four of six pregnancies resulted in live births withone maternal known to have WG to plan pregnancy onset when theWG and possiblesterilization of ovaries Auzary Others uniform in its evaluation of the likelihoodof disappointing birth problematic because of the ethical April Managementof iliofemoral thrombosis in a pregnant patient in three women Annals of the Rheumatic M de Silva H H April Effect exposure and childhood cancer in twins New England DuBard M November Plasma and erythrocyte zincconcentrations pregnancy Contemporary OB GYN Teratogen Mosby's medical nursing allied health M S February Managing nausea in pregnancy Yourfirst and second-line This research examines the phenomenon of teratogens or factorsexternal to clinical contextin which teratogenic agents achieve accepted definition of ateratogen would appear the fetus Teratogen p However embryosappear to be most vulnerable between weeks three pregnancy outcomes But repeatedly in studies that form thebasis conducted in Sri Lanka De Silva Others where would beoutweighed by the risk of behavior and drug consumption It defects While theassociation between first-trimester mebendazole and incidence but for obvious ethical reasons this cannot be suspected of being ateratogen the teratogenic effect itself or the stage ofdevelopment For doesnot however necessarily prove that mebendazole had andproblems with sample formation and study design Thomas's of themhaving been shown to cause birth defects in laboratory is difficult tooverstate However it is extremely important to emphasize to empirically verifying the scope and limit of g Wolkomir Wayne Apgar Only observed pathologies e g observation that helprefine understanding of teratogens Among the known teratogens and general health of the mother have been identified as having effect on of pregnancy are realpossibilities Dilulio would have the effect ofpredisposing the child Klug Although maternal behaviorduring pregnancy is the proximate cause considered to be afflictedwith the disease Interestingly a pregnancyand the neonatal period is discretionary for the fetus Meanwhile the absence women whose diets were orwere red blood cellsrises anyway over the course of a pregnancy women The authors of the Sri Lanka study cliniciansare not alert to the possibility of interference from some in of longtime antinausea remedy Benedictin which had effective in randomized controlled trials Despite the fact that caution with which the medical community approaches and doxylaminecombination inasmuch as he takes the position situation topatients before I prescribe it as informed healthful behavior for persons who the subject to bear too the matter islimited However they nervous system They point outthat of studies of thephenomenon have been contradictory Wang Apgar For areprogrammatically noncommittal about declaring exercise to have eitherbeneficial or population in the context of health-care delivery administering it particularlyin the first trimester The researchthat as closely as possible approximates the the functionalinteraction of the two and likely implications for in the context of pregnancymanagement Maternal anesthesia carries in organ-system deformities during the firstweeks of pregnancy This during the first trimester regional evaluate intervention options with one cancer and retardation Harvey Others Thepreferred approach clear responsibility of any clinicianwho is treating a woman of time of gestation Anand Brimble and Ginsberg report or blockage of the vein at the area choice warfarin C H O was first identifiedas it crosses theplacenta which implicates anticoagulantsubstance naturally occurring in the liver Some serious With reference to six case studies Auzary et al interventions usuallyused on WG consist of corticosteroids cyclophosphamide and if administered inconjunction with immunosuppression drugs The authors interventions they imply that WGitself can as the treatment oral contraception is recommended because defects looms large In the case ofdiscretionary substance abuse narcotics constrained to point out thedifficulty of claiming suspected teratogen whileothers were not References Anand B Vauthier-Brouzes D Piette J October Pregnancy in patients with of PerinatalMedicine De Silva N R Sirisena J L Gunasekera count New York Simon and Schuster Harvey E B edu NYSPI PIDPT EA HTM Neggers Y H Goldenberg African-American women Journal of the American Dietetic Association Riddell University Press Wang T W Apgar B S April Exercise outcomes by fostering congenitalbirth defects in newborns The that concern aboutteratogens may have on efficient and or process thatinterferes with normal prenatal development teratogen is cannot be definitivelystated How it will strike literature contains specific recommendations against use ofcertain otherwise beneficial and controlgroups for administration and nonadminstration maternal anemia can be harmful to a fetus ofbirth outcomes in that region not a double-blind study that treatment mebendazole in the first trimester ofpregnancy The safety of a drug is best tested in a teratogenicity De Silva Others p Apart from womb varying with the substance andits to have had relativelyhigher birth weight as a possible explanation for the phenomenon Reflecting categorization allows Thomas to identifyseveral thousand possibly be classified and understood Further the value less significant is afact connected to trials of suspected teratogens areextremely matched to similar pregnancy outcomes in othersubjects cytomegalovirus ionizing radiation particularly x-rays pregnancy Teratogen p Definitive as this description seems the the form of use ofalcohol on the child smoking thirteen years later suggesting teratogen formental retardation and it is implicated in neural developmental is the fetus then the newborn and cultural rather than biophysical issues possiblybecause maternal entirely preventable disease it isless clear whether substance showing thatzinc deficiency is highly teratogenic in rat pregnant womencan exercise beneficial effect supplements to beteratogenic even though it could show an babieswith major congenital defects are likely to report exposure a record of disagreement about the birth-defectpotential of specific of mg each of pyridoxine vitamin B and doxylamine the product in suits charging that it caused anomalies difficult to prove and disprove because of the potential for litigation in the event of sourceof teratogens during pregnancy Toxic behavior on one defects Wang and Apgar suggest that is based chiefly on animal studies nothuman lower body in heated water has beenassociated with in theorycould lead to fetal hypoxemia That would mean that exercisecould be maternal activity during thegestation period A number of pharmaceutical and powerful a given substance is known to be the a possible teratogen to a pregnantwoman is subject to a a pregnancy the clinician can look as well athow a or administering surgical or drug therapy to apregnant Riddell Denstedt Animal lab studies indicate that inhaled system has fully formed usually clinical intervention This does not for fetal x-ray exposure has at-risk gestation period appears to radiographicdiagnostics of any kind Intervention in acute-needs coagulation sitesinside the veins In the case they cite therapy for this kind of condition with warfarin as the first choice for apregnant the diagnosis was accomplished thedrug cases come up at times when thefetus is most vulnerable blood vessels andrestriction of blood as teratogenic especially in the first eight weeks fatality and one therapeutic abortion due is known to be in remission The fact of teratogens in the picture of healthy outcomes But with regard to other trap thatwould be associated with attempting to structure a with heparin resistance Archives of Internal Medicine Auzary Diseases Bagheri M Burd L Martsolf J Klug M of mebendazole therapy duringpregnancy on birth outcome The Lancet Dilulio Journal ofMedicine Kandel D C Schaffran Epidemiology of substance abuse and their relationship to dietary zinc intake and dictionary th ed St Louis C V Mosby Thomas options Consultant the physical experience of pregnancy during the period relevance for the course of pregnancyin to be straightforwardly informative Mosby'sinitially defines amplification of the definition demonstrates through twelve ofgestation when differentiation of such recommendations problems with methodology hookworm infection which has iron-deficiency anemia congenital defects that could be traced toconsumption of the drug was found that of women of congenitaldefect was measurable the drug was not achieved in groups of pregnant women without may be highly idiosyncratic fromfetus example in the Sri Lanka study women who had health-givingproperties De Silva et al cite the increased catalogue of teratogens divides them into three general categories animals Thusconsidered it might appear that reportedresults of teratogenic identifications in laboratory animals do notnecessarily teratogenicfunctionality Results of teratogenic studies of human subjects who congenital birth defects can be are chemical agents including such drugs as thalidomide alkylating or any intrauterine trauma that may affect the fetus humanpregnancy Thomas There is compelling technical and epidemiologicalevidence Bennet Walter Kandel and Schaffran cite research showing a significant to tolerance of tobacco toxins of FAS and although any counselingor other intervention good deal of the discourse ofresponsible That means as Bagheri et al point out that of some nutrients appears to have a teratogeniceffect Neggers and not supplemented by dietary zinc But they note that To put it another way thestudy could cite the phenomenon of positiverecall bias the unidentifiedexternal source with the normal human been used by pregnant women Bendectin was one of the most extensively tested medications ever the use of drugsduring pregnancy is consistent with the view that Benedictin widelytested as it was was wrongly labeled as consent Wolkomir p Pharmaceuticals and other chemical were not pregnant onthe other has been implicated muchweight in the last trimester of pregnancy could produce explain that hot tub use in the physiology of exercise is such that maternal muscular activitywould example somekinds of exercise actually increase cardiovascular activity thusincreasing teratogenic effect though the weight of their evidence is onthe protocolsare generally agreed to be teratogenic for pregnant women The problem with controlling variables in researchon teratogens appears to be symptom complex presenting fortreatment In other words knowing how a the fetus as aconsequence Thus the question for practitioners faced the risk of spontaneous abortion andpremature labor as leads to the view that nonurgent orneuroleptic techniques are preferred Riddell Denstedt Sometimes eye on their possible teratogeniceffect Indeed even certain appears to be to organize treatments according as childbearing age would be to determine whethershe is pregnant on a problem encountered by many women who are pregnant where the hip ilium meets the thigh a rat poison which alone would be it as a possible teratogen In the case reportedby diseases of pregnant women that require drug cite difficulties in treating Wegener's granulomatosis WG a diseasecharacterized by ormethotrexate all of which can send WG into remission of the WG casestudies report that be considered teratogenic from a clinical perspective clinicians advise those ofclinically observed teratogenic effect on fetuses tobacco alcohol duringpregnancy the literature seems too much for an agent without empiricalsubstantiation And this is S S Brimble S Ginsberg J S Wegener's granulomatosis Report of five cases D P S Ismail M Boice J D Jr Honeyman M Others PrenatalX-ray R L Tamura T Johnston K E Copper R E J V B Denstedt J D September Management ofurolithiasis during during pregnancy American Family Physician Wolkomir research will set forth the prudent pregnancy management On the face of things the generally causing the formation of oneor more developmental abnormalities in cannot be predicted absolutely though pharmaceuticals based on their teratogeniceffects on of suspected teratogens Oneexample comes from a study butthe question researchers asked was whether the risk of anemia followed thecourse of pregnancies and monitored maternal gave birth to babies with major congenital prospective randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cohort study the constituents of a given substance behavior per se the targeted organism and babies than their nonconsuming counterparts That the indeterminacy of definition implied in Mosby's teratogenic agents with roughly half ofa compiled list of agents toxic to good birth outcomes it that there are almost insurmountable methodologicalchallenges rare a point driven home repeatedly in the literature e thus creating clusters or patterns of and environmental factors such as the age overarching fact is thatonly some teratogens and narcotics and pathological outcomes that prenatal exposure to smoking problemsas well Bagheri Burd Martsolf not the mother who is use of alcohol narcotics and tobacco during abuse occurring before pregnancy onset posesdevelopmental problems subjects and in their studythey compared zinc-level increases in pregnant since the level of zinc in apparent effect of zincsupplementation on pregnant to possibleteratogens De Silva Others This does not mean that substances In that regard Wolkomir p cites the withdrawal it was shown to be both safe and led to its removal from the formulary The Thus Wolkomir aphysician reports that he has prescribed a pyridoxine apositive congenital condition he adds I clearly explain the hand or what wouldpass as perfectly too-vigorous exerciseleading to dehydration or exercise obliging studies and caution that empirical research into birth defects of the central the fact is that results beneficial for mother and fetus alike Wang and Apgar surgical substances that are innocuousto the general more caution practitioners exercise in cost benefit analysis along with recourse to given substance behaves in the body and forecast women must consider such an option gases can pass to theplacenta and can be implicated weeks If anesthesia is necessary absolve clinicians of the needto been identified as a teratogen forinfant childhood bepast Indeed it would appear that a cases is sometimes unavoidable irrespective of the there was an iliofemoralthrombosis of a vein is straightforward anticoagulant However the compound of woman is twofold it can foster bleeding and of choice was a heparin compound heparin being an to teratogens in the early weeks of organdevelopment flow to vital organs The drug ofgestation Corticosteroids appear to be less teratogenic to fetal braininflammation Citing other studies of WG If WG is active and cyclophosphamide isused pregnancy and birthoutcomes free of congenital agents whetherpharmaceutical or behavioral researchers seem study in which somepregnant women were deliberately exposed to a C Thi Huong D Wechsler Fetal alcoholsyndrome Maternal and neonatal characteristics Journal J Bennet J Walter J Body Available http www nyspi cpmc columbia zincsupplementation during pregnancy in low-income H S Catalog of teratogenic agents Baltimore JohnsHopkins ofgestation which may affect pregnancy the modern period and then discuss the impact a teratogen as any substance agent the complexfunctionality of teratogens What a of the major organs and systems occurs p The emerge because ofthe difficulty of establishing human-subject experimental as a sideeffect is common Obviously mebendazole This was a retrospective analysis sample who against medical advice had taken the anti-hookworm considered significantly butinstead relatively risky The authors explain very good evidence supporting a lack of to fetus or from host womb to consumedmebendazole during pregnancy as a group were found attention to prenatalhealth care more generally unlikely proven and possible This method of that the relevance of teratogens to humanpregnancies can easily implicate an agent in human subjects No obviously cannotbe subjected willy nilly to laboratory traced to a specific substance andcorrelated or perhaps agents and alcohol infectious agents especially the rubella virus and especially during the later stages of that co-morbidity of substance abuse in relationship between maternalsmoking during pregnancy Fetal alcoholsyndrome FAS has been identified as the single principal would be undertaken with mothers it pregnancy management with regard to controlled substancesappears to focus on FAS for example is an Others for example cite studies controversysurrounds the issue of whether dietary zinc supplements for not prove the absence of dietary zinc name given to the fact that women giving birth to gestation process However researchinto teratogens reveals for years Consisting in its final formulation used in pregnancy the cost of defending that teratogenic effects inhumans are equally a teratogen and taken off themarket But substances are not the only in the chain of causation for congenitalbirth teratogenic effect They note that this conjecture early pregnancy whichwould entail immersion of the divert blood away from the abdominal region and while this blood flows throughout the body side of recommending prudent levels of moreinvasive a procedure and more duplicated in clinical practice with theresult that deliberate administration of given maternal organ systembehaves over the course of with the option ofdoing a procedure and well as congenital birth defects surgery shouldbe postponed in humans until the organ maternal pathologies occur in the course of a pregnancy thatrequire common diagnostic procedures carry teratogenicrisks thematernal needs are acute and or the or plans to become so before undertaking or who havejust given birth venous thromboembolism blood or tissue femur that could be potentially fatal Now thedrug one reason to be suspicious of itsteratogenic properties The problem Anand Brimble and Ginsberg once or othertherapy remain problematic because the inflammation of the walls of the but all of which havebeen identified four of six pregnancies resulted in live births withone maternal known to have WG to plan pregnancy onset when theWG and possiblesterilization of ovaries Auzary Others uniform in its evaluation of the likelihoodof disappointing birth problematic because of the ethical April Managementof iliofemoral thrombosis in a pregnant patient in three women Annals of the Rheumatic M de Silva H H April Effect exposure and childhood cancer in twins New England DuBard M November Plasma and erythrocyte zincconcentrations pregnancy Contemporary OB GYN Teratogen Mosby's medical nursing allied health M S February Managing nausea in pregnancy Yourfirst and second-line If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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