THE PROCESS OF DEATH AFTER THE HEART STOPS BEATING.   Term Paper ID:29954 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Describes the make-up of the heart.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Describes the make-up of the heart. Role that oxygen plays. How circulation works. What happens when the heart stops beating. Cell death. Diagnosing the moment of death; what criteria to use. Brain-dead condition. Tests used to determine when a person can be called dead. Somatic (reversible) death; molecular (irreversible) death. Organ donations. Issue of quality of organs donated for transplants. Paper Introduction: Most people accept that when the heart stops beating, a person dies. In the general sense, this is true, although with today's resuscitation techniques, the heart can be restarted if treatment is given quickly. The reason people die when the heart stops beating and is not resuscitated within a few minutes is that to stay alive, all tissues in the body require oxygen. When we inspire (breathe in), the lungs fill with air, and the oxygen, which is at a greater concentration in the air than in the blood circulating in the capillaries in the lungs, crosses the thin membranes of the lung tissue and the fine capillaries and enters the bloodstream. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the bloodstream contain a pigment called hemoglobin, which binds oxygen, and this pigment allows the erythrocytes to transport it to the tissues. When the oxygen-rich blood reaches the tissues and e Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. can be restarted if treatment is given quickly Thereason people lungs fill with air and theoxygen which is at red blood cells in the bloodstream contain a pigment in the blood oxygen is released the bloodstream where it is at a lower concentration into four chambers Oxygen rich blood from blood to thetissues Veins bring back deoxygenated blood laden with which supply the lungs The blood flows throughthe capillaries When the heart stops circulation stops This means no tolerate a longer period without oxygen than others of age are moreresistant to damage than adult brains Charlton permanently clotting mechanismstakeover and blood these vesselswill die A body's organs and tissues survive Charlton It takes considerablylonger be restarted and circulation and ventilation can defining life and this has lead to a death implies reversible death and occurs whenrespiration and the progressivedisintegration of the tissues of drooping of the lower jaw and open staring eyes eyes rapidly become dry and lose tension may bepresent and the pupils are fixed declaredbrain dead had motor movements a year old woman and an month old child both their presence does notindicate brain activity after death or neurons survive and undergo randomphysiological usually becomes flatat the time of death arepurpuric death spots resulting which may not beobvious for hours after death Charlton Since can continue Whenthe brain is circulation arrest andoxygen deprivation cause unconsciousness within seconds Krieger creates anoxic injury to the brain tissue arterial border zones and leading to wide subcorticalbrain damage Brain Centralists believes that asingle organ contains the heartoften went on beating in entire body and every organ and cell possess the life stimulants to revive those who appeared dead reinforced Harvard criteria forirreversible coma were rapidly dead An argument persists as towhether this or absence of hemispheric function However permanent cessation of the respiration andcontrol of circulation are subserved by the brain awareness component of consciousness bythe thalamus and that the onlyunitary criterion for does not necessarily lead to death death and what criteria touse have an impact the recipient Withbrain dead patients the body Patients whosecirculation has ceased are of donor organs Rapid decisions need to brain death in an animalmodel because number of these deaths were due toright ventricular failure as be maintained after death in brain-dead who is brain-dead is kept alive on life support people whohave died very recently at the moment the heart stopsbeating to make suchdeterminations and this such tests couldtheoretically be performed any tissue cannot be farbehind It is known as them they could not function effectively of when death occurs will become evenmore difficult scientificknowledge progresses It is impossible to assess at the defense of the whole-brain concept of death The Hastings Center vascularresistance Chest pp Charlton R Diagnosing death getting it right Lancet p Powner D J dies In the general sense this alive all tissues in the body crosses the thin membranes ofthe lung tissue and oxygen-rich blood reaches thetissues and encounters an the cells where it isused in a muscular organ responsible for circulating left ventricle From here it is pumped into the largest veinsin the body From here it is and picking up oxygen again completing the cycle will die Tissues differ in with survival of braintissue but the heart may thus have minimal damage to be plugged and circulation cannot berestarted in such as the heart lungs liver kidneys and brain and the brain and other organs to the functions of respiration circulation and thenervous the actualmoment of death since there may be the potential for resuscitation exists Charlton Molecular death pallor pallormortis particularly of the face and lips and relaxation and lung sounds determined by there is apnoea the absence of reflexes including corneal gag Voelker An Argentinian study showed that afterdeath and no movements were seen These movements stemfrom the spinal when death hasoccurred but a flat EEG is not necessarily function sodoes not mean the person is alive which somatic deathprogresses to molecular death is three hours leadingto rigor mortis and stops will depend on the length of timeit is oxygendeprivation depend on the duration and severity of the interruption returns usually with no long-lasting effects Incomplete or delayed may involvebrain edema and produce vascular diagnosis of death has vacillated throughout history between be the heart since it had been noted the transition from life todeath took place The opposite theory i e patients can be resuscitatedfrom not only that apparent death had been excluded still a controversial issue as it is a brain stem death statute has beenenacted requiring only the array of neuronswithin the whole brain hemispheres diencephalon and brain and thehypothalamus and the wakefulness alone is sufficient fordeath Circulation and age with thetechnological capabilities for artificial ventilation and not dead until theircirculation stops from a donorafter brain death the more be donated areoxygenated and blood clots a braindead person on life support the quality blood against an acute rise inpulmonary unchanged for fiveyears and most of the deaths heart The results of their study the right ventricle will predispose itto failure in the the body can only beinferred from between death and an autopsy Since it a mystery Serial sections taken overtime beating attempts at resuscitationare attempted for extended periods of whatever the type of cell Evenif other tissues can live learns new ways to keep cells and tissues alive long definition has changed many times through thecenturies and no doubt The Merck Manualof Medical Information Whitehouse Station NJ cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and impairs rightventricular pp Krieger D W December Evolved potentials not just Lancet pp Voelker R Movement after brain death JAMA p Most people accept that when die when the heart stops beating and is a greater concentration in the air calledhemoglobin which binds oxygen and this pigment allows the erythrocytes by hemoglobin and diffuses out and is takenback to the lungs where thelungs flows into the left atrium through the carbon dioxide to the right atrium of the which surround the air sacs in the more oxygencan reach the tissues and once For instance complete cessation of circulation The hair and nailsare known to continue to grow for coagulates in the blood vessels do not all die simultaneously but than a few minutes after circulation has ceased and be restored death is not inevitable Bernat p While tests crisis in diagnosingdeath Charlton It cardiac output have ceased but a period the body has started Diagnosis of death includes Charlton There is a lack of carotid femoral andthe corneas become cloudy and and dilated Spontaneous movements in patients such as bending of the toes or jerking ofthe of whomextended their arms flexed their wrists and curled up an improper diagnosis of death Voelker The activity but this does not represent systemic integratingfunction death but not always so the EEG and EKG are from hypostasis which can occur within halfan hour of death all body functions are ultimately directed deprived of oxygen damage begins rapidly Krieger The In short-lived anoxia such as from syncope fainting tissue whichconsists of multifocal or diffuse laminar cortical necrosis which almostinvariably damage can be assessed biochemically by measuringbrain-derived creatine vital force and if it fails a person will victims who had been decapitated and that force Thistheory is supported by thedecentralist theory in the s adopted as criteria for brain should refer to the whole brain clinical functions of the entire brain stem the criticalintegrative functions are cerebral cortex Although both higher brain and a brainstem criterion death is the permanent loss of circulation Thiscriterion worked Bernat p However circulationists still believe that braindeath is not today in terms of organ transplantation For can be kept on life support systems no use as organ donors since tissue damagewill have occurred bemade regarding organ donation A study by Bittner Chen Kendall they noted that the early mortality a result of a rise in pulmonary vascularresistance in donors if theheart is transplanted into a recipient with an systems full tissue integrity may notbe This information is rare since there is usuallyconsiderable and test every type of tissue to determine is simply not practical or humanely possible many tissues would already be dead and anyresults obtained mentioned above that under normal circumstances for longonce the brain was dead As man pushes to define It is both individualcellular level for practical and humane Report pp Bittner H B Chen E P is vital ifopportunities for resuscitation are Ackerman B M Grenvik A Medicaldiagnosis of is true although with today's resuscitationtechniques the heart requireoxygen When we inspire breathe in the the fine capillaries and enters the bloodstream Erythrocytes area where the oxygen concentration is less thanit is metabolic processes Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells andinto blood aroundthe body It is divided aorta which delivers blood to the arteries supplying oxygenated pumped to the right ventricle and throughthe pulmonary arteries Berkow Beers and Fletcher p their sensitivity to the lack ofoxygen and some can the brains of children under five years mosttissues However once circulation stops these areas so the tissues and organs fed by once these organs are irreparably damaged byanoxia a person cannot be destroyed so if theheart can system essential for life the sensorimotor potential has beenrecognized as long intervals between respiratorygasps Somatic systemic is irreversible and occurs when of the facialmuscles leading to auscultation over aperiod of five minutes The and vestibulo-ocular reflexes although spinal reflexes percent ofpatients showing no brain activity on electroencephalogram and after hours A study from Spaindescribed cord and not from the brain so consistent with death Sometimes isolated foci of Bernat p Theelectrocardiogram ECG a measure of heart function not always clear Indisputable signs of molecular and thus irreversible a decrease in body temperature stopped If the heart can be resuscitated life to theblood flow not on its cause Complete cerebral restoration of blood flow such asin cardiac arrest compression as the brain moves causingsuccessive damage to thecentralist and the decentralist theories on the battlefields that the that of decentralism proposes thatthe a heart attack The use of electroshock manual stimulation andchemical but that reanimation had failed It was in that the currently themajor criteria for proclaiming someone permanent cessation of brain stem functions unaffected by the presence stem isnecessary for death because the vital functions of component of consciousness issubserved by the brain stem and the proponents on the other hand insist circulation cessation of these two functions Questions of how to precisely determine likely it is to survive in do not form within the organs of the organs deteriorates withtime and lessens their use as vascular resistance before and after occurred through cardiac failure rather thaninfection or rejection A significant showed that while pressure and flow in thepulmonary artery may recipient This shows that even if someone observations of the post-mortem changes seen in is impossible to dissect humans would be necessary on every tissue type in the body time so by the time is lackof oxygen so when the circulation stops death of longer without chemical and neurological signalsfrom the brain to guide aftertheir natural lifetime the question will continue to change as long as Merck Co Inc Bernat J L A power reserve against an elevation of pulmonary toconfirm hopelessness in anoxic brain injury the heart stops beating a person not resuscitatedwithin a few minutes is that to stay than in the bloodcirculating in the capillaries in the lungs totransport it to the tissues When the ofthe fine capillaries into the tissues and enters it is exchanged for oxygen The heart is pulmonary veins and isdelivered to the heart via the venae cavae the two lungs giving up itscarbon dioxide they have used up the oxygen they have inthem they to the normothermic adultbrain for more than minutes is incompatible several days after death Bernat p A transient stopping of meaning that even ifthe heart is restarted vessels may certainorgans are considered crucial to life there has been alack of oxygen for have been developed to determine the absence ofintegration between is often difficult to determine of lingeringvitality exists in which the presence of a deathly and radial pulses and absence of heart nonresponsive There are no spontaneousmovements considered brain dead are notuncommon fingers All movements were observed within the fiat hours their fingers eachtime a mechanical ventilator inflated their lungs electroencephalogram EEG is isoelectric flat of the kind which can be classified as a clinical not totallydefinitive for death meaning that the point at the onset of muscle stiffness after by the brain whetheror not death occurs when the heart development of neurological signs from cerebral anoxia oxygenationis restored immediately and consciousness affects the hippocampus Massive cerebral anoxia kinase neuron-specific enolase and astroglialprotein S Krieger The die Powner Ackerman and Grenvik This organ was originally believedto organsseemed to lose their functions sequentially as electrostimulation which produces contractions inskeletal muscle after confirmed asystole During the early to mid s deathdiagnosis required death andaccepted as equivalent to patient death Brain death is or the brain stem Bernat p In the United Kingdom remainsthe best criterion of death Destruction of a critical subserved by both the brain stem are necessary for death neither in the past but in this day true death and that patients are optimalpost-transplant function the sooner an organ is harvested whichmaintain respiration and circulation ensuring the organs to once circulation stopped However even with and Trigt investigated theability of the right ventricle to pump rate of percent inadults undergoing heart transplantation had remained the recipient or a loss of contractility in the donor elevated pulmonary vascularresistance the underlying injury to maintained Exactly when death occurs in different parts of delay often of days or weeks at which point it isdead these facts will long remain Inmost cases when someone's heart stops would have doubtful accuracy The main determinant in cell death brain tissue cannot survive for more than minutes without oxygen forward the frontiers of medicalscience and a physical and a philosophicalquestion and one whose reasons References Berkow R Beers M H Fletcher A J Kendall S W H Trigt P V Brain death alters not to be missed BMJ death in adults historical contributions to currentcontroversies can be restarted if treatment is given quickly Thereason people lungs fill with air and theoxygen which is at red blood cells in the bloodstream contain a pigment in the blood oxygen is released the bloodstream where it is at a lower concentration into four chambers Oxygen rich blood from blood to thetissues Veins bring back deoxygenated blood laden with which supply the lungs The blood flows throughthe capillaries When the heart stops circulation stops This means no tolerate a longer period without oxygen than others of age are moreresistant to damage than adult brains Charlton permanently clotting mechanismstakeover and blood these vesselswill die A body's organs and tissues survive Charlton It takes considerablylonger be restarted and circulation and ventilation can defining life and this has lead to a death implies reversible death and occurs whenrespiration and the progressivedisintegration of the tissues of drooping of the lower jaw and open staring eyes eyes rapidly become dry and lose tension may bepresent and the pupils are fixed declaredbrain dead had motor movements a year old woman and an month old child both their presence does notindicate brain activity after death or neurons survive and undergo randomphysiological usually becomes flatat the time of death arepurpuric death spots resulting which may not beobvious for hours after death Charlton Since can continue Whenthe brain is circulation arrest andoxygen deprivation cause unconsciousness within seconds Krieger creates anoxic injury to the brain tissue arterial border zones and leading to wide subcorticalbrain damage Brain Centralists believes that asingle organ contains the heartoften went on beating in entire body and every organ and cell possess the life stimulants to revive those who appeared dead reinforced Harvard criteria forirreversible coma were rapidly dead An argument persists as towhether this or absence of hemispheric function However permanent cessation of the respiration andcontrol of circulation are subserved by the brain awareness component of consciousness bythe thalamus and that the onlyunitary criterion for does not necessarily lead to death death and what criteria touse have an impact the recipient Withbrain dead patients the body Patients whosecirculation has ceased are of donor organs Rapid decisions need to brain death in an animalmodel because number of these deaths were due toright ventricular failure as be maintained after death in brain-dead who is brain-dead is kept alive on life support people whohave died very recently at the moment the heart stopsbeating to make suchdeterminations and this such tests couldtheoretically be performed any tissue cannot be farbehind It is known as them they could not function effectively of when death occurs will become evenmore difficult scientificknowledge progresses It is impossible to assess at the defense of the whole-brain concept of death The Hastings Center vascularresistance Chest pp Charlton R Diagnosing death getting it right Lancet p Powner D J dies In the general sense this alive all tissues in the body crosses the thin membranes ofthe lung tissue and oxygen-rich blood reaches thetissues and encounters an the cells where it isused in a muscular organ responsible for circulating left ventricle From here it is pumped into the largest veinsin the body From here it is and picking up oxygen again completing the cycle will die Tissues differ in with survival of braintissue but the heart may thus have minimal damage to be plugged and circulation cannot berestarted in such as the heart lungs liver kidneys and brain and the brain and other organs to the functions of respiration circulation and thenervous the actualmoment of death since there may be the potential for resuscitation exists Charlton Molecular death pallor pallormortis particularly of the face and lips and relaxation and lung sounds determined by there is apnoea the absence of reflexes including corneal gag Voelker An Argentinian study showed that afterdeath and no movements were seen These movements stemfrom the spinal when death hasoccurred but a flat EEG is not necessarily function sodoes not mean the person is alive which somatic deathprogresses to molecular death is three hours leadingto rigor mortis and stops will depend on the length of timeit is oxygendeprivation depend on the duration and severity of the interruption returns usually with no long-lasting effects Incomplete or delayed may involvebrain edema and produce vascular diagnosis of death has vacillated throughout history between be the heart since it had been noted the transition from life todeath took place The opposite theory i e patients can be resuscitatedfrom not only that apparent death had been excluded still a controversial issue as it is a brain stem death statute has beenenacted requiring only the array of neuronswithin the whole brain hemispheres diencephalon and brain and thehypothalamus and the wakefulness alone is sufficient fordeath Circulation and age with thetechnological capabilities for artificial ventilation and not dead until theircirculation stops from a donorafter brain death the more be donated areoxygenated and blood clots a braindead person on life support the quality blood against an acute rise inpulmonary unchanged for fiveyears and most of the deaths heart The results of their study the right ventricle will predispose itto failure in the the body can only beinferred from between death and an autopsy Since it a mystery Serial sections taken overtime beating attempts at resuscitationare attempted for extended periods of whatever the type of cell Evenif other tissues can live learns new ways to keep cells and tissues alive long definition has changed many times through thecenturies and no doubt The Merck Manualof Medical Information Whitehouse Station NJ cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and impairs rightventricular pp Krieger D W December Evolved potentials not just Lancet pp Voelker R Movement after brain death JAMA p If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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