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Paper Abstract: Examines causes, incidence and effects. One of the fastest growing white-collar crimes in the United States. Financial loss and problems caused by identity fraud or theft. Role of electronic technology, the Internet and E-commerce in facilitating identify theft. Overview of white collar crime. Law enforcement action. Paper Introduction: Identity Theft Introduction The purpose of this report is to examine the causes, incidence, and effects of identity fraud or identity theft. The problem is of significance in that identity theft is one of the fastest growing white-collar crimes in the United States, affecting an estimated 900,000 new victims each year (Pollock & May, 2002). Identity theft is defined by Pollock and May (2002, p. 1) as “the criminal act of assuming someone else’s identity for some type of gain, normally financial.” A recent survey indicated that 38 percent of all Americans have experienced some form of identity theft, usually as a result of a criminal gaining access to a victim’s personal identifying information and then accessing current accounts, including credit cards, t Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. that identity theft is one of the fastest growing A recent survey indicated that make fraudulentpurchases or to open new accounts like drug trafficking and terrorism Lease and Burke state data and intellectual property violations purchase nonexistent securities or misrepresented securities orproperties the the Federal Trade Commission FTC told Congress in that information Consumers also fear the long-lasting impact thatcan result identity thief In the U S Congress passed the number of laws that address consumer privacy among increasing proliferation of electronic and digitaltechnologies and the birth employers mother's maidenname and similar vital names ornumbers are used may spend of identity fraud or theft within the context review of relevant literature followed by adescription of the of LiteratureWhite-Collar Crime Conley reported that white-collar crime constitutes a a blemish on thecorporate reputation or fraud perpetuated againstcompanies and customers due to financial problems the perceivedopportunity to get have begun to toughen corporate fraud penalties of up to tenyears for corporate criminals who participate in newemphasis on security has resulted in the mass reassignment to combat all forms of white-collarcrime addressed by law enforcement or Uniform Crime Reports UCR demonstrates that and privatesector industry coalitions have been created to address Internet Fraud Complaint Center and aNational Cybercrime Training Partnership tools needed bylaw enforcement organizations to address white-collar crime Ashcroft spoke recently at an FTCpress manymore Americans victimized by the crimes facilitated by identity procedures to log the receipt of personal information for anotherperson Unlike cries report identity theft to the FTC do of the problemappear to be growing There database The FTC's Identity Theft DataClearinghouse is a identity theft at an average or hack into the Internet Some identitythieves steal it too easy forthieves to steal as much as in debt can be charged against to make purchaseunder the assumed thevast majority of consumers With the expansion of the Internet a clevercriminal to access and then ina store using electronic credit card or check information processingsystems be used toimprove ways of combating the point-of-sale locations consumersshould insist that merchants protect the an Internetrestricted access site that permits law the FBI the U S Postal Inspection Service Consumer Sentinel Consumer Sentinel logged more numerous complaints for fraudulent offers used in the following manner Table I reported that approximately percent of all victims lodging a average out-of-pocket expense per victim of Other dataprovided by the the creation of a hot line and acentralized by communication services percent bank revealed that percent of all victims reporting simply uninformed of the existence of the clearinghouse credit card fraud unauthorized phone or utilityservices their ages The data revealed that percent While victims appear to live in all states Districtof Columbia Nevada Arizona California and Oregon The picture of theextent of identity theft tend to lapse between the initial misuse reported that they had already contacted at least take the steps of reporting thecrime to report or record from being thieves are attacking automobiledealerships and auto credit record For automobile lenders this is a estimate that in about complaints of identity theft included noted that it is difficult to are relatively new Lenders do not like to identity theft Joining in the effort to stop or at theft Other private sectorcompanies such as Ford Credit and General Experian has had an identity The United States government has undertaken other customers This particular bill made of having personal financial datashared with other institutions Bielski The box to help banks ensurethe security of customer Travelers Property Casualty Corporation has begun to Identity Fraud Expense Coverage canbe legal fees loan reapplication fees telephone andcertified mailing charges notary The Federal Reserve Board the Fed has undertaken efforts for financial products to prevent fraudulent addresschanges and to block responsibility to reduce opportunity for identity fraud and theft information is used wisely andprotected When shopping on the Internet PKI Further Groves recommends that consumers questionorganizations that licensenumbers Groves also identified new technologies that The most controversial are the components of human fluids and cells Face recognition related entities Groves Face recognition uses athree-fold process as other signatures on the computer system's database with each signature in the database Groves Though offering enhanced consumer protection Nevertheless biometrics and PKI are thieves capable of accessing such information Groves At issue invariably is the fear that the fear of Big Brother are seen as identity theft which is greatly pension system for workers in the reduce identity theft that begins with obtaining acc are the holy grail of identity thieves Berghel recommends that their use In discussing the developed Some ofthese utilities that are available can deploy technology and programs againstthese utilities redirect Web accessso packet headers are sanitized of personal of identity theft and fraud It in thecompletion of the report followed have pointed out that there are several very identity theft a qualitative review ofrelevant which were available on the Internetitself Additionally a number of and informationcontained in these publications consists of information contained in the GAO reportreferenced earlier analysis of the extent and causes crimes Local and state law data usedin the following results section and presented a profile of a rapidly growing willoffer an assessment of results Drawing upon Congressional testimony crimes in the United States The most comprehensive report to many individuals do not know they have beenvictimized until months or other available data The GAO based its statistical analysis currently known about identity crimesin the United States CRAs maintain complaints between November and September The Social Security Administration attorneys under statutes related to identity fraud In theft to thefinancial services industry Card and Visa fraud losses In identity theft-related losses of or stolen credit cards neverreceived cards counterfeit cards and banks and CRAs of preventingidentity fraud At to spend up to per year fraud also tends to increase oftenreaching at several million dollars per year GAO Additionally to combat this problem In addition dollar amounts that victims reported as having beenlost or to restore their credit and on these costs according to Losses Reported by FTC ComplainantsDollar Losses Reported No of not separate identity theft investigations from other white-collarcrimes contained FBI estimated that itspends about in investigating financialcrime investigation The Social Security Administration told the GAO the agency's timekeeping system could not The total cost for these cases the prevalence and cost of identity be gained into the problem New York Arizona Oregon Florida Washington Georgia Consumer Sentinel The thissame source reported that percent of all identity theft No information regarding anysubsequent police arrests or prosecutions was available identitytheft of fraud in the United States Based on a loan fraud percent and government documents benefits fraud percent Figure and San Diego were the cities in descending Just under percent of all victims became aware of the victims of identity theftexperienced multiple instances in which crimeoccurred Beales told Congress that the toll-free hotline for complaints and unique and importantopportunity to centrally collect and and intervention Beales B also told Congress that effect of identity theft on fraud Theyare also vulnerable to telecommunications or than younger Americans Beales B that can bedrawn at the present time is also established that theInternet has become a major expanded opportunities for onlinefraud In mid about million American adults billion in the fourth quarter of up percent from fraud complaints logged onto theFTC database were related of fraud that occur on solicitation fraud Though more than law enforcement taskquite difficult Harrington told Congress that the World Civ C D Cal Dec the FTC alleged that a birth certificate template and aprogram to falsify Social Security Through these mechanisms and efforts such timeas a more effective mechanism for reporting and recommendations Conclusion This report has examined on individuals communities and law enforcement Though identityfraud enhanced viability of Internet shopping banking and the U S Congress identity fraud is alltoo that identitytheft impacts upon all ensuring that their identity is lessvulnerable the useof sophisticated biometrics or other take a lead role inproviding their from other white-collar crimes so that a more comprehensive Transcript of Attorney General remarks at identity theft htm Beales H B Report to Congress Available at on identity theft Available at www ftc gov os Fraud trends Available at www consumer gov sentinel trends Trade Commission Fleischer-Black M The defense rests American Lawyer Guidance on protection of customer financial information against identity complaint data Washington D C Federal Identity theft and account takeover The FBI Law of identity fraud or identity defined byPollock and May p as the criminal act of criminalgaining access to a victim's personal identifying information and because identity theft is at Unlike other white-collarcrimes such as embezzlement theft from a company theprototypical victim of fraud may long after the fact Conley Jodie Bernstein former Director use of theiridentity to obtain loans open lease when their credit reports in thenational dialogue on identity theft depth below Identity theft according to Wallich has personal confidential and financial information arebillions of dollars each year Wallich underscores the significanceof this Thus it has become increasingly that obtaining primary informationon the issue can be all but series ofcharts graphs and figures that each year Many companies tendto sweep white-collar to monitor ferret out and time in court letalone in jail In the case of a crime since its victim is a corporation Reform andInvestor Protection Act The Justice has refocused much of its energy hasinhibited the capacity of the government to continue investigations intofraud crime but just percent actually report it cost the nation billion in dramatically To combat white-collar crime Johnson identified a lawenforcement agencies Law enforcement at the local state and nationallevels in general and identity theft inparticular have the upswing in identity fraud or theft Identity United States today Somewherebetween and terrorism With the passage of the ITA Identity theft says Beales occurs because an individual throughlegal and invisible with thieves having nodirect contact with their S General Accounting Office GAO released identity theft Despite the ITA and itssubsequent amendments comprehensive Bielski reported that in there of professionals who dive in dumpsters steal mail or brokers that selldata to anybody willing to wave by passing strict laws andmandating that both their name their Social Security ordriver license number and has begun to proliferate when credit cards became and other personal information on the Internet such credit or debitcard whether on the Internet low level ofcomputer knowledge or hacking sophistication Just as processing the access device or personal check is make purchases shoulddo so only via secure encrypted platforms An scams and other frauds Thisorganization collects data from each and the National Consumers League Canadian andAustralian organizations offers including lotteries magazines and buyers clubs telephoneservice and travel Consumer Sentinel indicated that victim information regardingcomplaints logged Bank fraud Employment-related fraud Loan fraud Government documents toidentity theft totaled of the Bureau of Consumer Protection Jodie Bernstein bringing identity thieves to justice Bernstein statedthat about percent of of the Bureau of ConsumerProtection Howard Beales told Congress by the FTCis not comprehensive Reporting is voluntary is a complexand extremely difficult process The Identity Theft Data were reported Interestingly percent of to year old cohort percent and victims New York Florida and Texas At the same time important to recognize that the data discussed above generatedby The Clearinghouse after twoyears of operation solicited information from victims as to thesteps they indicated that they had contactedone or more local steps is vitallyimportant in order to ensure that fraud will businesses are also being negatively affected bureau reportonline to sifting through trash identity auto dealersliable of dealership employees were negligent in checking steal cars for their own use but the identity theft are difficult toacquire This is because or apply for a loan Overlapping local state and Equifax Inc keep files on lawenforcement agencies when identity theft have saved hundreds of millions of dollars bydetecting fraud early institutions including banks were givennew rules to follow with respect known as pretext calling Bielski Under Gramm-Leach-Bliley financial institutions policies that member banks can use to employee training models and customer and correctingtheir financial records if they become victims of identity be reimbursed for up to for expenses they may This relatively inexpensiveinsurance can be of great number of steps to safeguard information These steps include establishing with Gramm-Leach-Bliley Guidance on protection While government agencies and that it will ultimately be up consumers should determine that the Internet that require credit card paymentsdo not are controversial and have been met with ethical concerns byindividuals and handwriting analysis Genetic engineering technologies studied by the U S Department of biometric signature A computer algorithm normalizes the biometric signature so the system's database and provides and expensive authentication techniques such enabler ofpersonal tracking by the government and businesses or as at physical point-of-sale locations is bothadvantageous and biometrics to keep tabs on consumers However Berghel offered what appears to be a relativelysimple Security numbers werecreated in conjunction with types and are now routinely requestedin as a primary key and that it would take a privacy utility programs that facilitate identitytheft or at least client-side user-behavior Persistent identifies in both when personalinformation is being processed remailers that redirect mail so literature has identified what is prevent identity theft The next section ofthe study in creating the federal response These barriersnaturally impact upon the research methods that databases some of which wereavailable reviewed Numerous articles appearing in thescholarly fraud the most comprehensive statistical data that Data from Consumer Sentinel records Reports the FBI does not statistical analysis depends upon information thatis inherently methodology is therefore qualitative rather thanquantitative in nature It effect due to the proliferation of newelectronic technologies Results identity theftconstitutes what Adrianson calls hot line or database captures the universe of to authorities The GAO stated that estimates of data According to the GAO the following generalizeddata CRAs posted million initial calls them In fiscal year over of this type in the same time percent of all such losses Hardest hit were community banks two credit cards comprised a relatively smallportion losses were set at million which increased year on this effort whereas bankswith found that the amount of money spend on the prevention more At the CRAs the annual to control identity theft No specific data the FTC Clearinghouse Some complaints victims liable for fraudulentdebts victims are negatively affected because they percent of the complaints received duringthe did so at the levels to describe their costs related to identity theftinvestigation a comprehensive picture of the in its cost accounting procedures estimated that it on this particulartype of crime The Executive Office for U categorized as white-collar crimes U S Attorney Offices handled GAO Thus though the GAO report is the most comprehensive one turns to information generated Victims Top Locations per Location RateDistrict expenses The average out-of-pocket expenses per victim were with a the percentwho contacted the police percent indicated that local law this study as a series of charts and Phone or utilities fraud comprised percent of all reports Chicago Los Angeles Houston Miami San of all identity theft victims discovered that the theft hadoccurred theirvictimization until a period of to months the initialmisuse of the victim's personal information theft Since passage of the ITA the FTChas increased its manner possible Perhaps mostsignificantly says Beales the establishment of the effort to assemble this type of data will the crime theold the rich and the poor and the victims reporting to the FTC in both cohort appear to be less cohorts The only conclusionabout the intersection and less fraud involving utilitiesand telecommunication a Subcommittee of the House tobe online Online retail sales which often that a boom in e-commerce hascreated who said that between and mid the FTC site design fraud unauthorized credit card charges pyramid scams trying to stop these online frauds thetechnological theft In the case of FTC v high quality templates to be documents or templates The settlementrequired Martinez to disgorge begun toaggressively if inadequately to pursue those individuals and likely that the problem of identity theft willcontinue to escalate identity theft or fraud Identityfraud is one and so fort is not a new crime it is to gain an accurate orcomplete understanding of the extent of reports to provide a profile of identity theft in the to build security systems that governmentand the private sector must become more cooperative by new opportunities for crime andidentity that the FBI and other lawenforcement be necessary ReferencesAdrianson A Identity theft and Social Identity theft The FTC's response Available at and the Web Communications of the ACM Legislatures Conley J Knocking the starch of Trade Commission Identity theft complaint S General Accounting Office Groves theft plagues dealerships lenders Automotive News W Identity theft The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Insurance Edition Wallich P Who's who Can digital Identity Theft Introduction The purpose of this report is to white-collar crimes in the United States affecting an estimated percent of all Americans haveexperienced some form of identity theft Pollock May Equallysignificant according to Adrianson is that identity theft or fraud ispositioned within the larger category identity theft targets unknowing individuals who in no way victim of identity theft usually the fear of identity theft has gripped the from identity theft including the denial of Identity Theft and AssumptionDeterrence Act ITA which which anidentity theft program is Internet Available on the Internet are any number ofresources personal data including Social Security and creditcard numbers can years and thousands of dollars trying to clearup their of its incidenceand the response of law enforcement agencies A research methodology employed herein The report willoffer a results multi-billion dollar problem in the United States Overall white-collar fraudcosts brand value Making matters worse alike are seen by Conley as particularlytroubling Sadly away with the crime and in thewake of a Senate amendment any scheme to defraudshareholders Senate toughens corporate Unfortunately in of lawenforcement personnel including FBI agents Johnson reported the following data One consumer protection agencies with only percent of while arrests for most index crimes of violence have different types ofwhite-collar crime and have been created Johnson charges that the exponential growth There islittle doubt that electronic technologies conference on identity theft stating that identity theft is the theft Ashcroft identified these crimes complaints by the victims ofidentity theft provide identity theft where the victim is immediately aware of an not know how or where theidentity thief are no comprehensive statistics at major source of information on cost of per victim Lawenforcement exports agree that identity pre-approved offers for loans or and abuse people's identities Legislators at the statelevel are avictim's credit before they discover that someone has obtained some name Boulard maintains that identity theft and itsmyriad shopping opportunities and because millions of people each use them Pollock and May believe that technology personal financial information enters cyberspace Once incyberspace it can be it Pollock and May suggested thatauthentication procedures must be increased security of transactions by addingto their enforcement agencies access tohundreds of thousands of complaints posted by the U S Secret Service the National Association than complaints in ranging from identity theft percent to of health careproducts and services investments lotteries and sweepstakes How Victim's Information Is UsedFraudulent Conduct Percent of All complaint experienced more than one typeof identity Consumer Sentinel can be found in the Appendices identity theft data clearinghouse has helped the FTC to useInternet fraud percent and fraudulent loans identitytheft experienced more than one type of such theft Gathering accurate data on the bank fraud fraudulent loans forged government documents orbenefits and the largestpopulation of identity theft victims percent were between and the Clearinghouse identified the largest cities reportingthe most complaints were New York Chicago Los or fraud in the United States of the consumer'sidentifying information and the time when the one of thethree major consumer reporting agencies CRAs About one-half local law enforcement agencies and to contact the CRAs to further damaged Preventing Identity Theft While the primary victims lenders After obtaining personal financialinformation in any number of problem because they suffer financial losses if a a car loan or lease taken accuratelyassess the extent of identity disclose the size of their losses Victims are often unaware least reduce identity theft areprivate sector organizations The Motors Acceptance Corporation are cognizant of the problem theft databasein the United Kingdom for some years actions to helpreduce identity theft and to protect it a federal crime to American BankingAssociation ABA has taken a strong information The tools contained in the offer consumersinsurance protection for the added to a Travelers homeowners or tenants' policy for an expenses and lost wages for designedto protect consumer information against identity theft The pretext callers from using personal information toimpersonate account holders consumers themselves are being asked to consumers must use only secureand well-encrypted Web sites collect too much information about are available tobusinesses that can facilitate new biometrics which encompass suchidentifier technologies as face recognition is one of the most advanced A sensor takes an observation A matcher then compares the normalized signature with the face recognition biometrics appear to offer an excellent toolfor being met with mixed feelings byconsumers Many even harder to stop Thus developing more effective identity authentication government and to a perhapslesser inhibiting the capacity ofgovernment and business with respect to facilitated by the over-reliance on Social Securitynumbers UnitedStates Over time says Berghel these unique identifiers have ess to anindividual's Social Security they notbe required or reported on impact of Internet technology on identity privacyand theft Berghel on the Internet are Snoopware that Encrypted authentication environments and pseudonymservices online information are among thesetechnologies Berghel has providedan overview of efforts undertaken by government by a discussion of results and aconclusion real barriers to anyanalysis of the materials and publications was undertaken Involved in thisprocess was the government-generated reports and orexpert testimony presented by was discussed in the review of literature However despite the in this study testimony given by FTC officials and this white-collarcrime That being noted it enforcement agencies like theirfederal counterparts do not specifically report in the appendices isconsequently the framework upon which analysis white-collarcrime Identity theft and fraud are revealed as old reports from the Identity Theft Clearinghouse and the General date on identity theft was releasedby the GAO This report or even years after the fact and that some on information obtainedfrom consumer reporting agencies the FTC's Identity files with fraud alerts of which fraud hotline received allegations of Social Security the Postal Inspection Service identified identity theft-related arrests while and noted that banks of all sizes this type totaled million By this figure had increased to mail order telephone order fraud In the present time community banks with assets As the size of a as much as million to million for companies such as Master Card and Visa the GAO examined the cost of identity paid as out-of-pocket expenses linked to identity theft Thoughmost financial health The FTCClearinghouse had no data the GAO indicated that percent of all Clearinghouse Complaints Percent Over Totals GAO p The in the Uniform Crime Report any white-collar crime The Secret Service which that it did not have any idea specificallyisolate the cost of prosecuting identity theft cases EOUSA revealed was million Thus the estimated average annual cost of prosecuting theft the report does not offer any truly substantial ConsumerSentinel reported that the top ten theft victim locations betweenJanuary Consumer Sentinel also reported that percent of the identity victims whocontacted the Consumer Sentinel between January and December Data from the FTC's Identity total of reportsbetween January and December the Clearinghouse concludedthat presented in the Appendix identified the cities with thehighest number order inwhich identity theft tended to predominate crime within a one to six monthperiod following its occurrence their information had been misused ITA has been quite helpful tothe workedwith law enforcement agencies and CRAs to ensure that then analyze data regarding identitytheft in the United States identity theft knows nobarriers It is a crime the elderly Beales B stated that Americans aged utility fraud and bank fraud suggested that for the most part victimization that those over the age of locus for various types of identity theft Eileen Harrington had Internet accessand by the end of more the samequarter of Total e-commerce sales for to online fraud and deception However thedifficulty of putting the Internet were identified byHarrington as Internet auction agencies or consumer organizations around the FTC has brought oneimportant law Martinez maintained Web sites thatsold days of numbers Martinez settled this case out of court and is the government and a number data collection isdeveloped and more victims of this crime agree a number of important issues related to accomplished through the misuse of private personal information including Social and information management Unfortunately for the average citizen or often an unreported crime and a crime that is prosecuted age and income groups in the United States ThoughInternet vendors to theft and that personal and confidential information issecure The security systems that arecontroversial The Internet and related new technologies customers with the kinds of secure platforms for e-commercethat are analysisof the problem can be undertaken Both press conference Available at www usdoj www ftc gov os identitytheft htm Berghel H idtheft htm Bielski L Identity theft ABA Banking Journal htm Federal Trade Commission Identity theft complaint data Washington General Accounting Office Identity theft Prevalence theft Federal Reserve Bulletin Harrington E Internet fraud Available Trade Commission Johnston R The battle against white-collar crime Enforcement Bulletin Senate toughens corporate fraud penalties theft The problem is ofsignificance in assuming someoneelse's identity for some type of gain normally financial thenaccessing current accounts including credit cards to timesconnected to more serious crimes or business falsification of financial be an individual consumer or investor whoelects to of the Bureau of ConsumerProtection of utility accounts or make purchases usingcredit card containfraudulently incurred debts of an Beales The ITA helps the FTCto enforce a flourished in partbecause of the regarding consumers Addresses phone numbers past and present date of fast-growing crime by stating that those individuals whose important to examine the causalantecedents impossible Bielski The next sectionof this report will present a illustrate the nature and extent ofidentity fraud or theft Review crime under the rug rather than risk preventfraud Embezzlement employee theft and overt embezzlement Conley believes thatcorporate employees turn to crime andnot another human being Some states new laws create felony sentences on terrorism andthreats to national security Fleischer-Black stated that the embezzlement and identity theft In his discussion of efforts Of those reported only percent are billion in and billion in The FBI's number ofimportant channels or developments Independent corporations have been enhanced and an triggered a purposeful rethinking of the Theft U S Attorney General John have their identity stolen each year with in the FTC was required toestablish or illegal means gains access to victims Beales claims that percent ofthose who a report onidentity theft concluding that the prevalence and cost statistics on this crime are notcollected in a single were an estimated cases of wallets pose as prospective employers pay for it Boulard asserts that cyberspace has made law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies enforce thelaw Nevertheless used to obtain credit and a way of life for data are in effect floating in cyberspace and waiting for at an Automated Teller Machine ATM or technology facilitates identity theft it can also the person wholegitimately owns these items At organization called the Consumer Sentinel is of the states Its partnersinclude the FTC are also partners with the vacation offerings Additionally the ConsumerSentinel received in the period from January to December was benefits Other identity theft Interestingly Consumer Sentinel total reported complaints percent with an told the U S Congress that the complaints received involved credit card fraudfollowed that data captured by theClearinghouse and many victims of identitytheft are Clearinghouse also published a reporton its activities Again the identity theft victims that contacted the Clearinghouse in gave in the to year old group the highestconcentration of complaints per came from in order the the Clearinghouse does not represent a complete also revealed that on average it appears that months took in response to identity theft Some percent ofcomplainants police departments The Clearinghouse advises those reporting identity theft to be detected and to prevent avictim's credit by the problem JimHenry reported that identity thieves get loans byimpersonating someone with a good out the customer Henry drew upon FTC data to big-time professionals typically resell fraudulently obtainedvehicles Just as Beales Federal laws that make identity theft a crime and federal agencies share responsibility for making arrests and prosecuting names and accountsthat have been used to commit identity is discovered Henry asserts that in the auto loan application process to privacy obligations owed to are required tooffer consumers a chance to opt out help reduceidentity fraud The ABA has issued a privacy tool communication tools thatalso address provisions of Gramm-Leach-Bliley Bielski fraud Travelerslaunches identity The new incur as victims of identity fraud Expensesthat are covered include value to identity fraud victims procedures to verify the identity ofindividuals applying private sector institutions clearlyhave a to individualconsumers to ensure that their financial Website contains appropriate firewalls and public key infrastructure need and should not ask for Social Security or driver's worried abut the security and privacy of personal information go even farther offering tools to analyzethe DNA DefenseCounterdrug Technology Development Program Office the National Instituteof Justice and that it is in the same format a similarity score that compares the individual's normalized signature asPKI are seen by Groves as a means of makingit possible for identity disadvantageous in the view of consumers and potentially to violate privacy rights Imagesand a solution to part of the problem associated with the Social Security Act authorizingestablishment of an old-age all forms of credit transactions and other financial procedures To or authenticator indatabases should be eliminated Because Social Security numbers major restructuring of myriaddatabases and verification systems to eliminate privacy invasion have also been hard and soft cookies ID counterfeiters Berghel Consumers and businesses that thesource remains confidential and Web anonymizers that known about theincidence causes and sources will describe the research methodology that was employed to identity fraud and theft viathe FTC have been used in thisstudy To examine the causation of in libraries and some of business and popular press were also assessed is available to theaverage citizen is also useful inproviding for an isolate identify theft or fraud from otherwhite-collar limited generalized and sporadic The secondary draws upon admittedly limited and incompletestatistical data to depict Given the caveats presented above this section of the study one of the fastest-growing white-collar identitytheft victims This is because the extent of identity theft are based on limitedhotline reporting represent the extent of what is generating day fraud alerts The FTC received thousand identity theft cases were filed by U S period The GAO also reported on the cost of identity or banks withassets under million The GAO reported on Master of total fraud losses linked to lost in to million The GAO also assessed the cost to assets of million to billion are more likely detection investigation and prosecution of cost of maintaining a staff of fraudassistance specialists is set areavailable on how much these companies spend logged in at the Clearinghouse from November throughSeptember involved often incur highexpenses in trying period from November through September Some limited data presentedin Table II below Table II Monetary arrest and prosecution Again in part because the FBIdoes trueinvestigation costs of this crime is difficult The spends an average of about for each S Attorneys EOUSA told theGAO that white-collar crime cases in fiscal year data setcurrently available that details by the ConsumerSentinel further insight can of Columbia California Nevada Maryland total of spent by these victims Surprisingly enforcementofficials made a formal report of the crime figures These charts and figures reveal several significant trends in followed by bank fraud percent employment related fraud percent Francisco Philadelphia Phoenix Las Vegas within less than one month after its occurrence had elapsed These dataare also somewhat misleading in that some and the discovery of the production of informational and educational materials established and maintained a FTCClearinghouse for identity theft data has created a itselfbecome more amenable to prevention urban and the rural citizen Speakingspecifically about the and OlderAmericans appear to be particularly vulnerable to credit card likely targetsfor government documents or benefits fraud between age and type of victimization The literature reviewed in this report of Representatives that theproliferation of Internet access has involve credit card use totaled fertile ground for fraud In roughly percent of all brought only Internet-related cases against over defendants The kinds investment schemes travel vacation fraud health carefraud and telephone pay-per-call sophistication of Internet criminals has made the FTC's Jeremy Martinez d b a Info used in creating fake driver'slicenses for states It also offered illegal earnings from his scheme Harrington ororganizations that commit identity fraud or theft However until The final section of this report will offerconclusions and of a variety of white-collar crimes that have myriad negativeimpacts a crime thatis increasing due to the this crime Despite enhancedefforts on the part of the FTC UnitedStates These data though limited and spotty indicate prevent identity theft consumersmust also become more proactive in and aggressive inidentifying and prosecuting identity thieves This may necessitate theft Companies that rely upon e-commerce should agencies initiate a program to differentiate identity fraud andtheft Security numbers Consumers' Research Magazine Ashcroft J www ftc gov os idthefttest Bernstein J Prepared statement of the Federal Trade Commission white collar crime Risk Management Consumer Sentinel data Washington D C Federal S Protecting your identity Information Management Journal Identity Theft Clearinghouse Identity theft victim Pollock J May J Authentication technology technology really prevent identity theft Scientific American examine the causes incidence andeffects newvictims each year Pollock May Identity theft is usually as a result of a that victims of identitytheft are often further victimized of white-collar crimes that areregularly reported to law enforcement agencies participate evenpassively in their own victimization Conley Whereas becomes aware that he orshe has been victimized public because consumersfear the potential financial loss associated with criminal a mortgage employment credit or an apartment enabled the FTC to play a key role an important element This will be discussed ingreater that make it possible for an identity thief to gain be accessed Federal government estimates of losses from identity fraud records and resolve financial problems difficulty encountered inthis context by ordinary individuals is section a conclusion with recommendations and a the United States about billion is thedeterioration in companies' ability few white-collar criminals spend any the rationalization thatembezzlement is not really to the Public Company Accounting the wake of September the FBI and theDepartment of and prosecutors away fromwhite-collar crime to security investigations This certainly in every three American households are victims of white collar all white-collar crimes reaching the proper authorities Economic crime declined arrests for fraud and embezzlement have increased to bring these crimes to the attention of of technology andthe use of computers in white-collar crime particularly the Internet areboth intimately related to oneof the fastest growing crimes in the as ranging from bank and creditcard fraud to international victims with informationalmaterials and refer complaints to appropriate entities Beales assault identity theft is most often silent obtained their personal information The U the presenttime on the prevalence on this crime as is theSocial Security Administration SSA theft is committed by a cottageindustry credit cards from people'sgarbage cans There are also unscrupulous information trying to stay ahead of the crime pieceof simple information about them is not a new crime having day puttheir credit card numbers is instrumental infacilitating identity theft Whenever individuals use a accessed by a thief with a relatively to help ensure that theindividual privacy Over the Internet individuals who consumers regarding identitytheft Internet con schemes telemarketing of Attorneys General the BetterBusiness Bureau Internetauctions services computer complaints percent and other sales orcredit and businessopportunities or work-at-home schemes VictimsCredit card fraud Phone or utilities fraud theft Victims reporting out of pocket expenses related of thisreport Former Director of the as well as telephone resources to track identity theft andfacilitate percent More recently the current director Beales alsostated that the information obtained from the database managed actual extent of identity theft other forms of identity theft years old closely followed by victims in the number of complaints emanating fromCalifornia Angeles Houston andMiami It is This point wasmade by the Clearinghouse victim first discovered thatthey were identity theft victims The Clearinghouse of thevictims who logged onto the Clearinghouse place afraud flag in their personal credit files Taking these of identity theft are individual consumers American ways from reading a credit car disappearsor is recovered in damaged condition Some lenders hold in the nameof the victim Sometimes identity thieves theft Henry argued that reliablenationwide statistics on auto-related of the crime until they get suspicious bills three principle credit bureaus or CRAs TransUnion Experian and are beginning to work with CRAs and It is estimated that auto lendersworking with Experian consumer privacy rights Under theGramm-Leach-Bliley Act financial fraudulently obtain privateconsumer information a practice position on this topic and ispromulgating a set of kitinclude a model privacy program an informational self-assessmentinstrument cost of clearing their name additional per year Under this rider policy holders can time takenoff work to deal with identity fraud Fedrecommended to its member banks a and gain access to account information Theguidance is consistent take greater responsibility in thisarea Groves suggested Before making purchases online or providingpersonally identifying information their customers Forexample shopping venues on the identity authentication Some of thesetechnologies retina scans fingerprintauthentication voice speech verification of the biometrictechnologies and is now being of the face producing the person's set of normalized signatures on preventing identity theft this sophisticated technology is extremelyexpensive Less intrusive consumers see the technologies as being a key proceduresfor use on the Internet and degree business will use personal data obtained from the deployment of more sensitiveand accurate identity authentication techniques as a primary form of identification Social beenused to establish credit of various number Berghel recommends thatreliance on this identifier the Internet However so ubiquitous is the useof such numbers noted that for every utility developed to ensureand protect Internet locales personal data on the Web Stealthware that monitors Web monitors that report to clients Summary of the Section This review of businesses and consumersto protect privacy rights and Methodology Bernstein and Beales both of whom have been intimatelyinvolved true incidence of this white-collar crime investigation of a number of key actors before Congressional committeesand subcommittees were wealth of commentary available on identity theftand toCongressional committees and subcommittees and FTC Clearinghouse data is important to recognize that in its UniformCrime statistics on this crime The result is that any herein must be built The research crimes that areincreasing in incidence and AccountingOffice GAO and other sources it will be argued that began with the statement that at thisjuncture no single victimsdo not choose to report their victimization Theft DataClearinghouse the Social Security Administration and federal lawenforcement percent were tagged because of suspected identity fraud In fiscal number misuse of which had fraud allegations attached to the Secret Service reported arrests attributedcheck fraud-related losses emerging from identity theft as comprising million Identity fraud lossesrelated to the use of these total Master Card and Visa fraud under million spend less than per bank's assets increase the GAO super-regional or moneycenter banks with assets of billion or use their ownresources in the fight theft tovictims using data obtained from financial institutions do not hold regarding direct out-of-pocket monetary lossesfor more than or complainants had no dollarlosses whereas those reporting dollar losses GAO also asked key agencies in the federal criminaljustice system and other departmentalstatistical analyses gaining also does not differentiate between identitytheft and other financial crimes as to what it spent the following noting that identity theft cases aregenerally a white-collar crime case was set by EOUSA at or extensive data on thisparticular crime If and December were Table III Identity Theft theft victims stated that they incurred out-of-pocket did not report their victimization to the police Of Theft Data Clearinghouse ispresented in the Appendix to percent of all identity theft involved credit card fraud of identity theft victims Clearinghouse New YorkCity Figure in the Appendix demonstrates that slightly less than percent while percent did not know of On average as reported above months elapsed between FTC with respect to identity complaints are dealtwith in the most timely and effective Beales believes that only a centralizedand coordinated that negatively impacts upon the young and and above represented only about percent of those Interestingly members of this age by an identitythief does not vary significantly across age experienceproportionately more credit card fraud a ranking member of the FTC's Bureau of ConsumerProtection told than million American adults were known were about billion Harrington What this means is an end to the problem was underscored by Harrington fraud Internet service providerscams Internet Web world havejoined with the FTC in enforcement action that directly confronted identity access to fake ID templates for The Web siteoffered now permanently bannedfrom selling false identification ofprivate sector agencies discussed in the review of literature have to report and prosecuteidentity thieves it is theincidence cause and prevention of Security and driver's license numbers credit card andother financial data for that matter thegovernment itself it is extremely difficult infrequently The present study relied upon both Congressional testimony andgovernment banks the government and other institutions are makingefforts recommendation emerging from this study is that the are beginning todemonstrate that they are accompanied clearly needed It is also recommended of these recommendations arepotentially costly but may ultimately gov ag speeches agidtheftranscript htmBeales H Identity theft Social Security numbers Boulard G Identity crisis in the information age State D C Federal Trade Commission Federal and cost appear to be growing Washington D C U at www ftc gov os internetfraudttmy htm Henry J Identity USA Today Lease M L Burke T Accounting Today Travelers launches identity fraud coverage Best's Review Property-Casualty that identity theft is one of the fastest growing A recent survey indicated that make fraudulentpurchases or to open new accounts like drug trafficking and terrorism Lease and Burke state data and intellectual property violations purchase nonexistent securities or misrepresented securities orproperties the the Federal Trade Commission FTC told Congress in that information Consumers also fear the long-lasting impact thatcan result identity thief In the U S Congress passed the number of laws that address consumer privacy among increasing proliferation of electronic and digitaltechnologies and the birth employers mother's maidenname and similar vital names ornumbers are used may spend of identity fraud or theft within the context review of relevant literature followed by adescription of the of LiteratureWhite-Collar Crime Conley reported that white-collar crime constitutes a a blemish on thecorporate reputation or fraud perpetuated againstcompanies and customers due to financial problems the perceivedopportunity to get have begun to toughen corporate fraud penalties of up to tenyears for corporate criminals who participate in newemphasis on security has resulted in the mass reassignment to combat all forms of white-collarcrime addressed by law enforcement or Uniform Crime Reports UCR demonstrates that and privatesector industry coalitions have been created to address Internet Fraud Complaint Center and aNational Cybercrime Training Partnership tools needed bylaw enforcement organizations to address white-collar crime Ashcroft spoke recently at an FTCpress manymore Americans victimized by the crimes facilitated by identity procedures to log the receipt of personal information for anotherperson Unlike cries report identity theft to the FTC do of the problemappear to be growing There database The FTC's Identity Theft DataClearinghouse is a identity theft at an average or hack into the Internet Some identitythieves steal it too easy forthieves to steal as much as in debt can be charged against to make purchaseunder the assumed thevast majority of consumers With the expansion of the Internet a clevercriminal to access and then ina store using electronic credit card or check information processingsystems be used toimprove ways of combating the point-of-sale locations consumersshould insist that merchants protect the an Internetrestricted access site that permits law the FBI the U S Postal Inspection Service Consumer Sentinel Consumer Sentinel logged more numerous complaints for fraudulent offers used in the following manner Table I reported that approximately percent of all victims lodging a average out-of-pocket expense per victim of Other dataprovided by the the creation of a hot line and acentralized by communication services percent bank revealed that percent of all victims reporting simply uninformed of the existence of the clearinghouse credit card fraud unauthorized phone or utilityservices their ages The data revealed that percent While victims appear to live in all states Districtof Columbia Nevada Arizona California and Oregon The picture of theextent of identity theft tend to lapse between the initial misuse reported that they had already contacted at least take the steps of reporting thecrime to report or record from being thieves are attacking automobiledealerships and auto credit record For automobile lenders this is a estimate that in about complaints of identity theft included noted that it is difficult to are relatively new Lenders do not like to identity theft Joining in the effort to stop or at theft Other private sectorcompanies such as Ford Credit and General Experian has had an identity The United States government has undertaken other customers This particular bill made of having personal financial datashared with other institutions Bielski The box to help banks ensurethe security of customer Travelers Property Casualty Corporation has begun to Identity Fraud Expense Coverage canbe legal fees loan reapplication fees telephone andcertified mailing charges notary The Federal Reserve Board the Fed has undertaken efforts for financial products to prevent fraudulent addresschanges and to block responsibility to reduce opportunity for identity fraud and theft information is used wisely andprotected When shopping on the Internet PKI Further Groves recommends that consumers questionorganizations that licensenumbers Groves also identified new technologies that The most controversial are the components of human fluids and cells Face recognition related entities Groves Face recognition uses athree-fold process as other signatures on the computer system's database with each signature in the database Groves Though offering enhanced consumer protection Nevertheless biometrics and PKI are thieves capable of accessing such information Groves At issue invariably is the fear that the fear of Big Brother are seen as identity theft which is greatly pension system for workers in the reduce identity theft that begins with obtaining acc are the holy grail of identity thieves Berghel recommends that their use In discussing the developed Some ofthese utilities that are available can deploy technology and programs againstthese utilities redirect Web accessso packet headers are sanitized of personal of identity theft and fraud It in thecompletion of the report followed have pointed out that there are several very identity theft a qualitative review ofrelevant which were available on the Internetitself Additionally a number of and informationcontained in these publications consists of information contained in the GAO reportreferenced earlier analysis of the extent and causes crimes Local and state law data usedin the following results section and presented a profile of a rapidly growing willoffer an assessment of results Drawing upon Congressional testimony crimes in the United States The most comprehensive report to many individuals do not know they have beenvictimized until months or other available data The GAO based its statistical analysis currently known about identity crimesin the United States CRAs maintain complaints between November and September The Social Security Administration attorneys under statutes related to identity fraud In theft to thefinancial services industry Card and Visa fraud losses In identity theft-related losses of or stolen credit cards neverreceived cards counterfeit cards and banks and CRAs of preventingidentity fraud At to spend up to per year fraud also tends to increase oftenreaching at several million dollars per year GAO Additionally to combat this problem In addition dollar amounts that victims reported as having beenlost or to restore their credit and on these costs according to Losses Reported by FTC ComplainantsDollar Losses Reported No of not separate identity theft investigations from other white-collarcrimes contained FBI estimated that itspends about in investigating financialcrime investigation The Social Security Administration told the GAO the agency's timekeeping system could not The total cost for these cases the prevalence and cost of identity be gained into the problem New York Arizona Oregon Florida Washington Georgia Consumer Sentinel The thissame source reported that percent of all identity theft No information regarding anysubsequent police arrests or prosecutions was available identitytheft of fraud in the United States Based on a loan fraud percent and government documents benefits fraud percent Figure and San Diego were the cities in descending Just under percent of all victims became aware of the victims of identity theftexperienced multiple instances in which crimeoccurred Beales told Congress that the toll-free hotline for complaints and unique and importantopportunity to centrally collect and and intervention Beales B also told Congress that effect of identity theft on fraud Theyare also vulnerable to telecommunications or than younger Americans Beales B that can bedrawn at the present time is also established that theInternet has become a major expanded opportunities for onlinefraud In mid about million American adults billion in the fourth quarter of up percent from fraud complaints logged onto theFTC database were related of fraud that occur on solicitation fraud Though more than law enforcement taskquite difficult Harrington told Congress that the World Civ C D Cal Dec the FTC alleged that a birth certificate template and aprogram to falsify Social Security Through these mechanisms and efforts such timeas a more effective mechanism for reporting and recommendations Conclusion This report has examined on individuals communities and law enforcement Though identityfraud enhanced viability of Internet shopping banking and the U S Congress identity fraud is alltoo that identitytheft impacts upon all ensuring that their identity is lessvulnerable the useof sophisticated biometrics or other take a lead role inproviding their from other white-collar crimes so that a more comprehensive Transcript of Attorney General remarks at identity theft htm Beales H B Report to Congress Available at on identity theft Available at www ftc gov os Fraud trends Available at www consumer gov sentinel trends Trade Commission Fleischer-Black M The defense rests American Lawyer Guidance on protection of customer financial information against identity complaint data Washington D C Federal Identity theft and account takeover The FBI Law of identity fraud or identity defined byPollock and May p as the criminal act of criminalgaining access to a victim's personal identifying information and because identity theft is at Unlike other white-collarcrimes such as embezzlement theft from a company theprototypical victim of fraud may long after the fact Conley Jodie Bernstein former Director use of theiridentity to obtain loans open lease when their credit reports in thenational dialogue on identity theft depth below Identity theft according to Wallich has personal confidential and financial information arebillions of dollars each year Wallich underscores the significanceof this Thus it has become increasingly that obtaining primary informationon the issue can be all but series ofcharts graphs and figures that each year Many companies tendto sweep white-collar to monitor ferret out and time in court letalone in jail In the case of a crime since its victim is a corporation Reform andInvestor Protection Act The Justice has refocused much of its energy hasinhibited the capacity of the government to continue investigations intofraud crime but just percent actually report it cost the nation billion in dramatically To combat white-collar crime Johnson identified a lawenforcement agencies Law enforcement at the local state and nationallevels in general and identity theft inparticular have the upswing in identity fraud or theft Identity United States today Somewherebetween and terrorism With the passage of the ITA Identity theft says Beales occurs because an individual throughlegal and invisible with thieves having nodirect contact with their S General Accounting Office GAO released identity theft Despite the ITA and itssubsequent amendments comprehensive Bielski reported that in there of professionals who dive in dumpsters steal mail or brokers that selldata to anybody willing to wave by passing strict laws andmandating that both their name their Social Security ordriver license number and has begun to proliferate when credit cards became and other personal information on the Internet such credit or debitcard whether on the Internet low level ofcomputer knowledge or hacking sophistication Just as processing the access device or personal check is make purchases shoulddo so only via secure encrypted platforms An scams and other frauds Thisorganization collects data from each and the National Consumers League Canadian andAustralian organizations offers including lotteries magazines and buyers clubs telephoneservice and travel Consumer Sentinel indicated that victim information regardingcomplaints logged Bank fraud Employment-related fraud Loan fraud Government documents toidentity theft totaled of the Bureau of Consumer Protection Jodie Bernstein bringing identity thieves to justice Bernstein statedthat about percent of of the Bureau of ConsumerProtection Howard Beales told Congress by the FTCis not comprehensive Reporting is voluntary is a complexand extremely difficult process The Identity Theft Data were reported Interestingly percent of to year old cohort percent and victims New York Florida and Texas At the same time important to recognize that the data discussed above generatedby The Clearinghouse after twoyears of operation solicited information from victims as to thesteps they indicated that they had contactedone or more local steps is vitallyimportant in order to ensure that fraud will businesses are also being negatively affected bureau reportonline to sifting through trash identity auto dealersliable of dealership employees were negligent in checking steal cars for their own use but the identity theft are difficult toacquire This is because or apply for a loan Overlapping local state and Equifax Inc keep files on lawenforcement agencies when identity theft have saved hundreds of millions of dollars bydetecting fraud early institutions including banks were givennew rules to follow with respect known as pretext calling Bielski Under Gramm-Leach-Bliley financial institutions policies that member banks can use to employee training models and customer and correctingtheir financial records if they become victims of identity be reimbursed for up to for expenses they may This relatively inexpensiveinsurance can be of great number of steps to safeguard information These steps include establishing with Gramm-Leach-Bliley Guidance on protection While government agencies and that it will ultimately be up consumers should determine that the Internet that require credit card paymentsdo not are controversial and have been met with ethical concerns byindividuals and handwriting analysis Genetic engineering technologies studied by the U S Department of biometric signature A computer algorithm normalizes the biometric signature so the system's database and provides and expensive authentication techniques such enabler ofpersonal tracking by the government and businesses or as at physical point-of-sale locations is bothadvantageous and biometrics to keep tabs on consumers However Berghel offered what appears to be a relativelysimple Security numbers werecreated in conjunction with types and are now routinely requestedin as a primary key and that it would take a privacy utility programs that facilitate identitytheft or at least client-side user-behavior Persistent identifies in both when personalinformation is being processed remailers that redirect mail so literature has identified what is prevent identity theft The next section ofthe study in creating the federal response These barriersnaturally impact upon the research methods that databases some of which wereavailable reviewed Numerous articles appearing in thescholarly fraud the most comprehensive statistical data that Data from Consumer Sentinel records Reports the FBI does not statistical analysis depends upon information thatis inherently methodology is therefore qualitative rather thanquantitative in nature It effect due to the proliferation of newelectronic technologies Results identity theftconstitutes what Adrianson calls hot line or database captures the universe of to authorities The GAO stated that estimates of data According to the GAO the following generalizeddata CRAs posted million initial calls them In fiscal year over of this type in the same time percent of all such losses Hardest hit were community banks two credit cards comprised a relatively smallportion losses were set at million which increased year on this effort whereas bankswith found that the amount of money spend on the prevention more At the CRAs the annual to control identity theft No specific data the FTC Clearinghouse Some complaints victims liable for fraudulentdebts victims are negatively affected because they percent of the complaints received duringthe did so at the levels to describe their costs related to identity theftinvestigation a comprehensive picture of the in its cost accounting procedures estimated that it on this particulartype of crime The Executive Office for U categorized as white-collar crimes U S Attorney Offices handled GAO Thus though the GAO report is the most comprehensive one turns to information generated Victims Top Locations per Location RateDistrict expenses The average out-of-pocket expenses per victim were with a the percentwho contacted the police percent indicated that local law this study as a series of charts and Phone or utilities fraud comprised percent of all reports Chicago Los Angeles Houston Miami San of all identity theft victims discovered that the theft hadoccurred theirvictimization until a period of to months the initialmisuse of the victim's personal information theft Since passage of the ITA the FTChas increased its manner possible Perhaps mostsignificantly says Beales the establishment of the effort to assemble this type of data will the crime theold the rich and the poor and the victims reporting to the FTC in both cohort appear to be less cohorts The only conclusionabout the intersection and less fraud involving utilitiesand telecommunication a Subcommittee of the House tobe online Online retail sales which often that a boom in e-commerce hascreated who said that between and mid the FTC site design fraud unauthorized credit card charges pyramid scams trying to stop these online frauds thetechnological theft In the case of FTC v high quality templates to be documents or templates The settlementrequired Mar If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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