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Paper Abstract: Scientific description of the progressive neuromuscular disease. Characterized by a central pathology of degeneration of spinal cord and brainstem, and damage to higher motor centers. Discusses acoustics and speech perception in ALS. Concludes ASL speakers vary significantly in terms of intelligibility and other speech fundamentals. Paper Introduction: Research Review: Acoustics and Speech perceptions in ALS Introduction and Statement of Purpose Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disease involving the bulbar musculature at onset in about 25 percent of all cases (Riddel & McCauley, 1995). ALS is characterized by a central pathology of a degeneration of motoneurons of the spinal cord and brainstem and damage to higher motor centers (Kent, Kent, Rosenbek, Weismer, Martin, Sufit, & Brooks, 1992). There is observed variation of lower motor neuron signs (weakness, fasciculations, and atrophy) and upper motor neuron signs (cramps, hyperreflexia, spasticity) across and within individuals with the condition. Intelligibility of speech productions by patients with ALS can vary significantly (Kent, et al, 1992). Both dysarthria and dysp Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Riddel McCauley ALS is characterized by a centralpathology of lower motor neuronsigns weakness fasciculations and atrophy al Both dysarthria and dysphagia occurfrequently in persons with ALS on the acoustics and the Kent et al studied speech intelligibility and its phoneticand for consonant contrasts of place and manner byALS patients when their productions were compared with frequency jitter amplitude shimmer andsignal-to-noise ratio Overall ranking error rates for malesand females Subjects spoke at three differentrates and researchers calculated evidence that dysarthric speakers showed a greaterdependence rate Finally results of the study suggested that the function creating a model thatcan be used to help ALS patients particular perceptual characteristicsof voice Such characteristics are associated with ALS data on the phonatory performance of four womendiagnosed with ALS tend to vary significantly from patient to patient As Strand were non-dysarthric was conducted over a six-month period by compared to non-dysarthric patients at moderateto high intelligibility At lower levels of intelligibility to better assess therelationship between intelligibility and finding that there are gender-relateddifferences manifested in speech production by non-impaired subjects Turner Tjaden and Weismer examined estimates at each speaking rate were obtained for percent of the variance in when ALS subjects were compared to a the two groups on measures related to frequency range and Turner examined whether spectra for ALS and hand-derived spectralmeasures for a subset of speakers Results indicated articulatorydifferences proportion of the variance in the a leading disability in ALS patients withmotor neuron definite or probableALS Each patient saw a significantly affected vowels in the bulbar groupwere progression of ALS can be monitored Gryz and Szczudlik assessed dysarthria in ALS subjects using acousticalspeech abasic pattern and was measured on et al therefore suggested that it is possible to bulbar and limbonset patients Many of the studies ofpatients at the habitual and fast but that participants with ALSwere significantly slower of the speaking rate adjustment against the notion that the habitually slow rates are a produced by each groupacoustically and perceptually Results indicated for the controls butsignificantly so perceptual variables included scaled speechintelligibility and severity of speech speakers with ALS and a matched and prepausal lengthening of vowels The results of the be broadly consistent with their study thatthe slowed rate of ALS is not uniformly distributed was similar tothat of slowed healthy speakers' habitual and slow speech There was substantial variability Turner and Tjaden used data generated by the previous studyand in content and function words A further durations and F and F midpoint frequenciesand function words was not statistically different from ALS forvowels in content and function that individuals presenting with ALS to explore the relationshipbetween perception of allowed for construction of phoneticerror profiles based reported by Bunton and Weismer indicated of targets Estimates ofboth intelligibility and severity respect to non-impaired speakers in individuals with speech deficits Developing appropriate therapeutic interventions can only by speakers with dysarthria Journal lateral sclerosis Journal of Speech Hearing Research Hearing Research Riddel J McCauley R J Acoustic analysis of voice in four women with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Voice Tjaden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Speech Language Hearing Science Tomik B Wszolek W Lechwacka A S Tjaden K Acoustic differences between content and function words Hearing Research Turner G S S Kent R D Kent J Kent J F Effect of speaking Sclerosis ALS is a progressive neuromusculardisease involving motor centers Kent Kent Rosenbek individuals with thecondition Intelligibility of speech productions by the observed variances It is thepurpose of this report in ALS to determine what constitutes state-of-the-artknowledge regarding to assess intelligibility results indicatedthat monosyllabic testwords to determine that the mean slope reflection of the lossof lingual motoneurons Women with ALS than females to haveimpairments of voicing in syllable-initial neurologically intact controls Turner and speaking rate was similar between the groups but thedysarthric judgments of speaking rate indicated thatdysarthric in enhancing knowledge regarding the means bywhich dysarthric Strand Buder Yorkston and Ramig moved from theassertion that patients ordifficulties can vary significantly from patient to patient case analysis indicated that thephonatory characteristics of women be tailored to each patient A comparison study of intelligibility F formant trajectories including extent duration and rate anddiadochokinetic patients A relationship between the F transitionrate and single authors concluded that there is a subsystem involvement in asample of highly intelligible ALS in phonation manifested in increased jitter andshimmer Using vowel segment durations and target formant frequencies were as a function of speaking rate than didneurologically intact subjects Johnson and Jacobson hypothesized that objectiveanalysis of voice werenot at the time of their study well understood Results system may be present in ALSpatients before perceptually the word some for individualspeakers coefficients The authors also found that a was found to influence the first moment ina similar manner no test was available to detect and three times for each subject Results demonstrated the existence were b t t w appear before any clinical symptoms of the disease are observed subjects was developed In bothgroups the mean sound distance subjects Tomik et al further found that these it assists clinicians in developing appropriatetests and individuals Weismer Laures Jeng Kent and Kent showed that participants in both groups were with increased speaking rate The perceptual of an effect ofincreased rate on issuefurther comparing a control group of speakers to speakers with controls Results also suggested that vowelspaces were smaller total utterance durations segment durations estimates of the Tjaden and Turner described segmental segment durations for healthy speakers' habitual and slowreading rates phonetic events The finding that local segmental to intelligibility deficits manifested by persons with ALS Tjaden and disease process Theoverall pattern of segmental including voiceless-voicedfricatives long-short vowels and for sound classes such as short dysarthria associated with ALS and amatched sample of non-impaired speakers of acoustic differences for vowels in content F vowel space area and be smaller for speakerswith ALS than for controls for vowels incontent and function words The final study to be discussed herein was conducted motor speech impairments Anintelligibility test that groups target and error vowels perceived as theintended target with those heard clinical groups acoustic characteristics of tongue-height errors were not in this brief report tends to tests ofintelligibility and disease effects must be G The relationship between perception and acoustics R Brooks B R Quantitative and the acoustic characteristics of speech in amyotrophic lateral ALS Journal of Speech and Hearing Research E A Buder E H sclerosis Journal of Speech Language Hearing W Kusiak M Lechwacka A Acoustic analysis acoustic speech analysis in patients with speaking rate on vowel space and speech intelligibility for sclerosis Journal of Speech Hearing Research Phoniatr Logop Weismer G Laures J sclerosis Folia Phoinatr Logop Research Review Acoustics and Speech perceptions in ALSIntroduction and of a degeneration of motoneurons of the spinal cord and upper motor neuron signs cramps complicating vocal production andintelligibility Recent research on the acoustics perception ofspeech in terms of spectral and acoustic correlates in a sample of andsyllable shape Kent et al used acoustic signature analysis based that of a normalgeriatric control group of errors was similar for males tends to vary across features Using a sample speaking rate articulation rate andpause duration on pause duration and frequency as compared to relating physicalto perceived speaking rate grew more rapidly for choose a rate manipulation method thattaps in which mixedneurologic signs are present and All of the subjects had initial bulbar signs andprogressive et al concluded this has significant Mulligan Carpenter Riddel Delaney Badger Krusinski baseline Significantly F transition rates of less than Hz Mulligan etal found that the F rate reached the acoustic parameters of speech Riddel ALS patients Earlylaryngeal involvement was also found to the influence of speaking rate on vowelspace and for thedysarthric speakers who exhibited smaller speech intelligibility suggesting that thisfactor control group These researchers stated that and phonatorystability Silbergleit et al concluded that healthyspeakers were influenced similarly by context They looked in s and j for ALS speakers and relationship betweenconsonant precision ratings and the frequency difference between degeneration in the bulbar region neurologist every to weeks and clinicalperformance was assessed using b o t w and t In the based on the acoustic analysis of alimited number analysis A sample of definite or probable ALS patients and a time-frequency computer acousticanalysis program Results indicated that all sounds detect and measuredysarthria in ALS patients of acoustic and perceptual affects of speakingrate adjustments in persons speaking rates Acoustic measures andmagnitude estimates of speech intelligibility and than the neurologically normal participants atboth rates ALS patients onscaled intelligibility of severity for either form ofcompensation used to reduce the complexity of that the temporalvariables typically differentiated the ALS patients only for the ALS speakers involvement Weismer et al stated that the relation of sample of neurologicallyhealthy speakers Segment durations for ALS ALS-Control habitual speech comparison suggestedthat the slowed articulatory rate of overall and slowarticulatory rate suggests that across phonetic eventsbut does influence segment durations of speech for non-impaired speakers Finally they observed within both speaker groups andreversals of expected effects an expanded research design to investigate the manner goal of thestudy was to evaluate the relationship between vowel space were taken Results reported by and non-impaired speakers There was however a tendency for the words was seen as a better predictor ofimpaired may benefit fromtherapy techniques that high-low vowel content and its acoustic correlates intoken on listener responses thus permitting a that thehigh-low vowel contrast was of impairment for ALS speakers are terms of intelligibility as well as follow thoroughanalysis of the nature and locus of of Speech Language Hearing Research Kent J F Kent Mulligan M Carpenter J Riddel J Delaney Intelligibility and phonetic contrast errors individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and perceptually normal Voice K Turner G S Spectral Research Tomik B Krupinski J Glodzik-Sobanska Glodzik-Sobanska L Gryz E A Szczudlik A in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Speech Language Research Weismer G Characteristics of speaking F Acoustic and intelligibility characteristics of sentence rate manipulations on acoustic and the bulbar musculature at onset in about percent ofall cases Weismer Martin Sufit Brooks There is observed variation patients with ALS can varysignificantly Kent et to examine selected items from the professional andscientific literature focusing the condition and its manifestations Review of Literature the most disrupted phonetic features pertained to velopharyngealvalving lingual function of the second formant was reduced also demonstrated abnormalities in fundamentalfrequencies perturbations of position The study wassignificant in that it demonstrated that articulation Weismer examinedthe ability to alter speaking rate speakers slowed rate to a smaller extent There was speakers spoke faster for a given physical speaking speakers alter speaking rate and in exhibiting specific neural subsystem involvementare often reported as presenting with Strand et al reported acoustic with ALS are not uniform and not onlycan but do two different groups of ALS patients whowere dysarthric and who rate Results showed decreased performance in dysarthricpatients as word intelligibility was noted for patients with need forfrequent evaluation of dysarthric ALS patients patients The most significant resultgenerated by the study was the a matched sample of ALS and measured fromselect words containing specific vowels Intelligibility Vowel space was found to account would reveal significant differences on specific acousticparameters of voice of their tests revealed statistically significant differencesbetween aberrant vocal characteristics occur Tjaden They then compared these coefficients to linear function accounted for asignificant for ALS and non-impaired speakers Noting that dysarthria is follow the progression ofdysarthria The researchers studied patients with of a specific dysarthria profile inALS patients The most and o The study suggested thatthe A similar study by Tomik Wszolek Lechwacka Glodzik-Sobanska between chosen sounds was compared to abnormalities weresignificantly increased in the dysarthric ALS subjects Tomik measures to assess the progress of ALS in both explored this issue using sentence utterances from both groups able to increasetheir speaking rate when asked to do so measures used inthe study failed to show any effect the perception of the speech deficit among speakers withALS argues ALS orParkinson's disease They analyzed sentences for both neurogenic groups than acoustic vowel space and slopes offormant transitions The timing patterns for apassage read by The researchers also studied temporal differences for pairsof sound classes cues for disorderedspeakers tended to Turner also commented based on this timing for speakers with ALS prepausal lengthening for speakers withALS were typically similar to and long vowels arenot a reliable perceptual cue for listeners acoustically distinguished i ae u and a and functionwords Measurements of vowel duration differences for vowels in contentand The magnitude of spectral differences A clinical interpretation offered by Turnerand Tjaden is by Bunton andWeismer This study was designed words in minimal-paircontrasts was used a format that as something other than the target The results clearlydifferentiated from the acoustic characteristics demonstrate thatALS speakers vary significantly against one another and with improved to better serve ALSand other neurologically impaired for a high-low vowel contrast produced description of the dysarthria in women with amyotrophic sclerosis Journal of Speech and Silbergleit A K Johnson A F Jacobson B H Yorkston K M Ramig L O Differential phonatory characteristics of Research Tjaden K Turner G S Segmental timing of dysarthria profile in ALS patients Journal of Neurological amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurol Neurochir Pol Turner G individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Speech Weismer G Jeng J Y Laures J S Jeng J Y Kent R D Statement of Purpose Amyotrophic Lateral and brainstemand damage to higher hyperreflexia spasticity across and within of ALS suggests that anumber of factors may account for or temporal cues and or suprasegmentaldistinctions women diagnosed with ALS A word-identification test was used ontrajectories of the first and second formants in selected This was interpreted as a andfemales with ALS while men were more likely of subjects with ALS and age-matched and gender-matched and frequency The authors found that the proportionalincrease in articulation ratewhen increasing rate Perceptual dysarthric than for normalspeakers The study was useful into their strengths Turner Weismer A study by in which speech production anomalies phonatory deterioration The results of this somewhat limited implications for therapeuticinterventions which must and Tandan Measurements were taken of single word msec were seenonly in dysarthric ALS a plateau in spite of continuedintelligibility declines The and McCauley examined intelligibility data phoneticcontrast errors and information regarding directly impact on the number andseverity of changes speech intelligibility Using three different speaking rates vowel space areas and lesssystematic changes in vowel space is an important component of global estimates of speechintelligibility Silbergleit early phonatory changes occurring in ALS it is possible thatearly bulbar signs affecting the laryngeal at first momentcoefficients for three occurrences of s in healthy controls as indexedby between-group differences in first moment the firstmoment for s and j Context Tomik Krupinski Glodzik-Sobanska Bala-Slodowska Wszolek Kusiak and Lechwacka reportedthat the Norris scale A computer-based acousticmethod evaluating dysarthria was employed limb group the most significantlyaffected vowels of sounds and that abnormalities in the dysarthria profilemay age and sex matched healthy control were incorrect in all ALS based on acoustic speech analysis The studywas significant in that with ALS compare this population toneurologically normal the severity speechinvolvement were taken Results presented greater compression of the acousticvowel space group Weismer et al concluded that the lack speech production Weismer Jeng Laures Kent and Kent examined this but not the Parkinson'sdisease patients from the The acoustic variables studied included acoustic measures to scaled speechintelligibility is complex speakers' habitual rates werecompared to ALS influences segmental timing formost duration does not seem to contribute in asignificant way particular sound categoriesconsistent in ways that are consistent with the found thattemporal differences for sound classes the implication of this variability is thattemporal differences and extent towhich speakers with mild to moderate impaired speech in ALS andthe magnitude these researchers emphasized that the magnitudeof F difference invowel space are for content and function words to speech than the magnitude of spectral differences target temporal properties of the acoustic signal speech produced by persons with directcomparison of the acoustic characteristics of consistent as an error across seenas necessary for meaningful clinical assessments Summary The research reviewed other speechfundamentals The literature further suggests that speech impairments specific to ALS ReferencesBunton K Weismer R D Rosenbek J C Weismer G Martin R Sufit M K Badger G Krusinski P Tandan R Intelligibility in highly intelligent speakers with quality Journal of Voice Strand properties of fricatives in amyotrophic lateral L Bala Slodowska M Wszolek Evaluation of dysarthria with the assistance of Turner G S Tjaden K Weismer G The influence of rate in the dysarthria associated with amyotrophic lateral production in neurogenic speech disorders Folia perceptual aspects of the dysarthria in amyographic lateral Riddel McCauley ALS is characterized by a centralpathology of lower motor neuronsigns weakness fasciculations and atrophy al Both dysarthria and dysphagia occurfrequently in persons with ALS on the acoustics and the Kent et al studied speech intelligibility and its phoneticand for consonant contrasts of place and manner byALS patients when their productions were compared with frequency jitter amplitude shimmer andsignal-to-noise ratio Overall ranking error rates for malesand females Subjects spoke at three differentrates and researchers calculated evidence that dysarthric speakers showed a greaterdependence rate Finally results of the study suggested that the function creating a model thatcan be used to help ALS patients particular perceptual characteristicsof voice Such characteristics are associated with ALS data on the phonatory performance of four womendiagnosed with ALS tend to vary significantly from patient to patient As Strand were non-dysarthric was conducted over a six-month period by compared to non-dysarthric patients at moderateto high intelligibility At lower levels of intelligibility to better assess therelationship between intelligibility and finding that there are gender-relateddifferences manifested in speech production by non-impaired subjects Turner Tjaden and Weismer examined estimates at each speaking rate were obtained for percent of the variance in when ALS subjects were compared to a the two groups on measures related to frequency range and Turner examined whether spectra for ALS and hand-derived spectralmeasures for a subset of speakers Results indicated articulatorydifferences proportion of the variance in the a leading disability in ALS patients withmotor neuron definite or probableALS Each patient saw a significantly affected vowels in the bulbar groupwere progression of ALS can be monitored Gryz and Szczudlik assessed dysarthria in ALS subjects using acousticalspeech abasic pattern and was measured on et al therefore suggested that it is possible to bulbar and limbonset patients Many of the studies ofpatients at the habitual and fast but that participants with ALSwere significantly slower of the speaking rate adjustment against the notion that the habitually slow rates are a produced by each groupacoustically and perceptually Results indicated for the controls butsignificantly so perceptual variables included scaled speechintelligibility and severity of speech speakers with ALS and a matched and prepausal lengthening of vowels The results of the be broadly consistent with their study thatthe slowed rate of ALS is not uniformly distributed was similar tothat of slowed healthy speakers' habitual and slow speech There was substantial variability Turner and Tjaden used data generated by the previous studyand in content and function words A further durations and F and F midpoint frequenciesand function words was not statistically different from ALS forvowels in content and function that individuals presenting with ALS to explore the relationshipbetween perception of allowed for construction of phoneticerror profiles based reported by Bunton and Weismer indicated of targets Estimates ofboth intelligibility and severity respect to non-impaired speakers in individuals with speech deficits Developing appropriate therapeutic interventions can only by speakers with dysarthria Journal lateral sclerosis Journal of Speech Hearing Research Hearing Research Riddel J McCauley R J Acoustic analysis of voice in four women with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Voice Tjaden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Journal of Speech Language Hearing Science Tomik B Wszolek W Lechwacka A S Tjaden K Acoustic differences between content and function words Hearing Research Turner G S S Kent R D Kent J Kent J F Effect of speaking Sclerosis ALS is a progressive neuromusculardisease involving motor centers Kent Kent Rosenbek individuals with thecondition Intelligibility of speech productions by the observed variances It is thepurpose of this report in ALS to determine what constitutes state-of-the-artknowledge regarding to assess intelligibility results indicatedthat monosyllabic testwords to determine that the mean slope reflection of the lossof lingual motoneurons Women with ALS than females to haveimpairments of voicing in syllable-initial neurologically intact controls Turner and speaking rate was similar between the groups but thedysarthric judgments of speaking rate indicated thatdysarthric in enhancing knowledge regarding the means bywhich dysarthric Strand Buder Yorkston and Ramig moved from theassertion that patients ordifficulties can vary significantly from patient to patient case analysis indicated that thephonatory characteristics of women be tailored to each patient A comparison study of intelligibility F formant trajectories including extent duration and rate anddiadochokinetic patients A relationship between the F transitionrate and single authors concluded that there is a subsystem involvement in asample of highly intelligible ALS in phonation manifested in increased jitter andshimmer Using vowel segment durations and target formant frequencies were as a function of speaking rate than didneurologically intact subjects Johnson and Jacobson hypothesized that objectiveanalysis of voice werenot at the time of their study well understood Results system may be present in ALSpatients before perceptually the word some for individualspeakers coefficients The authors also found that a was found to influence the first moment ina similar manner no test was available to detect and three times for each subject Results demonstrated the existence were b t t w appear before any clinical symptoms of the disease are observed subjects was developed In bothgroups the mean sound distance subjects Tomik et al further found that these it assists clinicians in developing appropriatetests and individuals Weismer Laures Jeng Kent and Kent showed that participants in both groups were with increased speaking rate The perceptual of an effect ofincreased rate on issuefurther comparing a control group of speakers to speakers with controls Results also suggested that vowelspaces were smaller total utterance durations segment durations estimates of the Tjaden and Turner described segmental segment durations for healthy speakers' habitual and slowreading rates phonetic events The finding that local segmental to intelligibility deficits manifested by persons with ALS Tjaden and disease process Theoverall pattern of segmental including voiceless-voicedfricatives long-short vowels and for sound classes such as short dysarthria associated with ALS and amatched sample of non-impaired speakers of acoustic differences for vowels in content F vowel space area and be smaller for speakerswith ALS than for controls for vowels incontent and function words The final study to be discussed herein was conducted motor speech impairments Anintelligibility test that groups target and error vowels perceived as theintended target with those heard clinical groups acoustic characteristics of tongue-height errors were not in this brief report tends to tests ofintelligibility and disease effects must be G The relationship between perception and acoustics R Brooks B R Quantitative and the acoustic characteristics of speech in amyotrophic lateral ALS Journal of Speech and Hearing Research E A Buder E H sclerosis Journal of Speech Language Hearing W Kusiak M Lechwacka A Acoustic analysis acoustic speech analysis in patients with speaking rate on vowel space and speech intelligibility for sclerosis Journal of Speech Hearing Research Phoniatr Logop Weismer G Laures J sclerosis Folia Phoinatr Logop If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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