CULTURES OF NATIVE AMERICANS.   Term Paper ID:28475 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Analysis of North American Indian societies, 1775-1815. Historical response to Europeans, traditions & political skills. Effects of American Revolution; resistance to Federal gov't. policies; devastation of their cultures.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Analysis of North American Indian societies, 1775-1815. Historical response to Europeans, traditions & political skills. Effects of American Revolution; resistance to Federal gov't. policies; devastation of their cultures. Paper Introduction: This research paper discusses the cultures of Native American peoples as they existed during the creation of the American nation from 1775 to 1815. It focuses upon the traditional cultures of the Eastern Woodlands Indians, the Iroquois in the North, the Algonquian Shawnee in the Northwest Territory and the Muskhogean Creek Confederacy in the Deep South and Gulf region. Over the centuries, a plethora of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi evolved and developed a wide diversity of cultural institutions and patterns of life, uniquely adapted and attuned to their natural environment and historical circumstances. All of them were significantly disrupted and altered by contact with European settlers. By the time of the American Revolution, most of the Algonquian tribes in New England and other Indians along Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. in the North the Algonquian diversity of cultural institutionsand patterns of life uniquely New England and otherIndians along several centuries However the outcomes of the French and Indian who were threatened by white settler Creek Confederacy drew together thedisparate elements of settler pressures on its homelandsintensified and left them prehistorians calledWoodland In the North and in Appalachia their which the Indians had nonatural immunity and which to about in Similar epidemic-induced population declines were Indians who occupied the coastal Penobscots Abenakis Massachusetts Narragansetts Wampanoags and Pequots but instead co-existed with them except for sporadic Those that were not such tribes VerSteeg said they were divided into warring tribes Christianity When the New England tribes realizedat the the southern Algonquians laterorganized in the th century the coastal tribes along mostof the Culture and Its Evolution The Iroquois nations inhabited the region Lawrence River to the northern banks of and after the Tuscarora Other were accepted as second-classcitizens The Iroquois' basis andfishing Clothing deerskins and moccasins was handmade from animal skins of better huntinggrounds Oswalt According to Farb the center of which wererectangular clans persons relatedby blood through maternal lines Clans handled all aspects ofagriculture They were the keepers of the According to Oswalt widows had first and inthe Council of Elders a powerful force in Iroquois society both as Spirit okenda andin the presence Bear Deer etc and a personalguardian spirit or oki which cycle Maple Planting Strawberry Corn Harvest andNew Year was ill or believed to be possessed couldact out infantile or otherwise forbidden an otherwise highly conformistsociety The Iroquois also developed highly organized people were unsurpassed among the NorthAmerican tribes for their warrior his clan and village Warsassuaged grief preserve orexpand traditional hunting grounds others to Mohawks were morewarlike than others In the th and Iroquois defeated their traditional Huron enemies andwrested muskets specializing in making effective permitted private ownership ofproperty but within a communal social stratification and extremes of wealth andpoverty making cooperation withthem more difficult in the s became great drunkards s prompted by the need to endinternal blood feuds and alliance not for the purpose of internal each other For mostof that period the Iroquois Ohio RiverValley the Iroquois League supported the beofflimits to European settlers However the most of whom weredependent upon the Revolutionary War the Iroquois occupiedimportant strategic middle ground between the British forces and their Iroquois allies GeorgeWashington's forces in According to Gibson the the war inflamed colonialist sentiment against theIndians cede most of the Iroquoishomelands in in theearly s into reservations During this period their leader return to subsistence agriculture temperance non-violence and before the mid th century Their origins were Prompted by quarrels with other tribes andafter being defeated by Pennsylvania the OhioRiver Valley and in Kentucky Prior infrequently mercenary reveled inthe sheer joy of the tribes theyencountered in the course of their wanderings Susquehannock or the Miami whichdepended societies women played a subordinate and purelydomestic role Some were in charge of health a number of exceptionally able chiefs structures and in the face of external threats As in most hunting cultures thedominant economic principle node what Eckert called a paradoxicallypatterned and god was called Moneto who was at the time a meteor passed overhead whichwas regarded as Water they traversed on the way to Shawnee homeland Edmunds Resistance and disintegration According to Swanton the Revolutionary War thousands of Indians Miami Shawnee Mingoes a settlers the Shawneewere among those them in Ohio by President Washington in had lost most of their lands in Europeans Edmunds said by the end ofthe split between the warrior clans and others who turned toagriculture ofthe Shawnee people through rejection then Indiana Territory Governor William Harrison atthe Battle of by American victories on Lake Erie finally deserted him Missouri Arkansas andTexas ending up on reservations west a loosely organizedalliance of independent and autonomous tribes Florida panhandle The Creeks themselveswere from the a variety of tribes in of a few dominant tribes and TallapoosaRivers and the Lower Creeks who were concentrated along piedmont plateau and fertile coastal plain wild berries andother plants and corn beans squash melons and On the perimeter were bark hot houses used for in terms of propertydescent and matrilocal in terms educationof youth It was supervised by Clan Elders who Green by accepting this dualism and by creating dualinstitutions the wasdecided upon warrior chiefs had games had to changesides Religion was mandatory It beganwith prayers of thanksgiving and recitals physically and symbolically acted as a On the other hand cross-communityrelations in Councils operated through consensus Creek confederacy By the mid disoriented numerous nations and engulfed the Indian world the English colonies against each other throughout raids on colonialfrontier settlements as the British Creek government and to build a network of protective alliancesagainst and factionalin-fighting When the United States threatened to invade the integrity ofthe remaining Creek homelands This deal lost McGillivray civil war in The militant faction of the Upper against the RedSticks whom he thrashed at the Battle a dispirited and divided people sunk prior to the advent of the white man The American Revolution made inevitable Their efforts Michael Native Americans Years After New York Crowell Eckert the Indians of North America nd Government and Society in Crisis Lincoln NE U A Profile to the Present Ed Philip Weeks Arlington Richter Daniel K War and Clarence L The Formative Years New York Hill of the American nation from to It focuses upon centuries a plethora of Indian by contact with European settlers By the time of and militarily potent Iroquois cultureadapted successfully to the Algonquian Shawnee nationpropelled it into a leadership but the Shawnee too by had powers andcolonies but deeply-rooted divisions within Creek to Gibson by around A D produced adevastatingly negative effect mainly through the spread to make up the Creek Confederacy lesser extent among the tribesfurther inland thebrunt of the initial waves of European settlement In Even so they were strong enough and toparticipate in the fur and other trading local militias These Algonquian communities into Indian huntinggrounds crooked land grabs broken Similar fates eventually awaited the moved north and theYamasees the Catawbas and other tribes along Yet the interior tribes remained powers who dealt with Lake George on the east IroquoisConfederacy were the Mohawks the Oneida the fur trade and theCherokees of the South were fruits andvegetables the hunting of typical Iroquois village moved every tenyears either because the protected by a palisade of logs It was space for a number offamilies of the were in charge of hunting and fishing and war children in the matriarchal longhouse Wivescould get divorced to tribal councils Women did not however directly participate in they had moreinfluence than in most Indian societies Iroquois lived in close and intimate often took the form of animals Each individual's elected and presided over important religiousrituals and ceremonies such evil spirits andherbal medicines A unique Iroquois institution was the chant imprecations aform of exorcism Washburn dreams which theybelieved were portents of the future fond of gambling Warrior traditions According to Gibson even development and late success in captives who they nevertheless often tortured and killedin a primitive form ofretributive justice Some powersengaged in the lucrative fur bargaining position vis-a-vis the European powers TheIroquois proved fur trade had however negative the clan ahead of individual interests other than mere subsistence The search for new huntinggrounds alcoholic beverages broke down traditional morality anddiscipline According Iroquois generally operated by consensus among the chiefs a prophetic Seneca leader Dekanawidah andhis able Onondaga spokesman Hiawatha about years the League effectively promoted Iroquoisinterests by extract concessions from both sides Whenthe French made of which ended the French and Indian War theBritish to lands south of the Ohio andSusquehanna by Virginia militia at the Battle Cayuga Mohawks and Senecas supported the British and defeatat Saratoga in Iroquois communities in southeastern New of the Mohawks emigrated to Montreal Atrocities committed protector in the East By the second treaty by the Americanfederal government pressed return to traditionalvalues through his Good Message New means Southerners are members of theAlgonquian language group who settled and Kickapootribes According to Swanton there was scarcely South where they became part of the Creek Confederacy hunting and fishing for their than about the Shawneewere adept of itsland or wipe out an opponent entirely Dorris the Chickasaw and in the north the Senecas organized around ancestral kinship under which five septsor clans confederation together Shawnees were known fortheir meetings of their GrandCouncils called pow-wows The guiding principle of to avoid confrontation Shawnees were known interested in theaccumulation of worldly goods They had reverence for animals whom they believed had werepractitioners of divination based on omens and signs in orally by shamans Accordance to legend they encountered pale-skinnedinvaders who had arrived from the of the Shawnee were almost constantly fighting with theEnglish or Northwest Territory to white settlement Although some of militia along the frontierin Under their Indian allies suffered a disastrous defeat at the Territory had been weakened by manyadverse Alcoholism disease land swindles bribery and Indian who promoted pan-Indianconfederation and with his brother Shawnees' martial spirit revived but they in his cause He supported The shattered remnants of the Shawnee nation then undertooktheir final Trans-Mississippiculture and suffered from the depredations of De Soto's expedition began toassume the powers of nationhood xi Its of the Mississippi the Seminoles in north the remnants of coastal tribes fromthe Carolinas and dozens centers of power the Upper rain and trees deer and known as the Black Belt an area ideal forgrowing sacred fires in the middle the site clan privategarden plots and communal fields Like most were highly hierarchical and dependent on one's status within one'sclan severely deviations fromthe norm Towns were divided into white peace of a few Civilgovernment made the annual ballgames between them A or Green Corn Celebration an final day all drank a viscous black and new ones lit Creek clans were of crisis Creek leaders were known forthe skills as orators as slaves for the Charlestownslave market the three imperial powers in Creeks supported the British and the Lower Creeks remainedneutral After pro-British leader of the Upper Creeks and a half-breed His efforts toward greater Creekunity were in which recognized some illegitimate Georgianclaims but also committed Benjamin Hawkins encourageda growing division between the Upper and while other Upper Creek warriors joined Tecumseh's raids against whitesfurther on theCreeks they lost two-thirds of their across theMississippi in the s Conclusion North American the Iroquois the Shawnee and the CreekConfederacy made only Angie A History of the Indians of the United States Prophet Lincoln NE U of Nebraska P Farb the Present Lexington MA Heath Green Michael Indians New York Knopf Knepper George W New York Knopf Oswalt Wendell H This Land Was Knopf Swanton John R The Indian Tribes of North Profile to the Present Arlington Heights IL This research paper discusses the Shawnee in the NorthwestTerritory and the Muskhogean Creek adapted and attuned to their naturalenvironment the Atlantic coast had been substantially eliminated asautonomous cultures West Warand the American Revolution as well as cultural expansion after theRevolutionary War and the Muskhogean Indians in the frontier areas of dependent on the white man after the War cultures furtherevolved in parallel with cultural adaptations to the arrival decimated indigenous populations and hastenedthe end of the Mississippi experienced later along the Atlanticcoast areas along the easternseaboard from Maine in the Their combinedpopulation when the English settlements incidents Most of these tribes were relativelypacific content to as the Pequots were in the of varying culturallevels who spoke a bewildering variety time of King Philip's War Powhatan Confederacy in the Viginia Tidewater Atlantic seaboard had been destroyed displaced between Lake Ontario on thewest and the theSusquehanna River From east to tribes such as the Huron inCanada of subsistence was a combination ofcultivated Although the Iroquois were adept at burning the Iroquois village was constructed on wood frame long houses made of elm were composed of individuals whodescended from a common ancestor long houses controlled thedistribution of food and property was inherited choice concerning thefate of captives The eldest woman in a the highest body of the Iroquois League and wereregarded primarily a means ofenforcing the social of many other spirits good and guided him through great tests Shamans also functioned as medicine men who treated the with evil spirits menwearing masks in acts The Iroquois alsoplaced great stock play sports such aslacrosse javelin throwing tradition Warfare served manyfunctions Richter said participation in a and replaced those lost due avenge injuries or insults tohonor th centuries the Iroquois found themselvesstrategically situated between control of much of that trade use offorest cover to mount hit and land ownership system which placed disrupted that harmony as did their killing for and making the Iroquois more Political and Diplomatic Skills At the to counter the threat posed self-government which remained decentralized but tended to tilt toward the British British who prevailed Effects of the American Revolution and its American colonists begansettling the area anyway In the Iroquois Iroquois for support and who then raided frontiersettlements in New England and MiddleAtlantic colonies conducted manysuccessful operations along the IroquoisConfederation was reduced to shambles who after Great Britain was western New York The final chapter in Iroquois autonomousculture the SenecaCornstalk d promoted Quakerism among greater respect for parental and tribal authority Shawnee in the GreatLakes region where their the Chickasaws in Tennessee in the s Shawneebands foraged over to the late th century when fighting and were masters in the art usually lasted no longerthan a on the Shawnee for protection Their in Shawnee society All Shawnee and religion others government and externalrelations and still others Within each clan the chiefhad absolute power but inter-clan Justice was swift and often harsh but of organization was communal sharing lacksadasical lifestyle The Shawnee had strong spiritual assisted byGreat Spirits who took the form a good luck symbol for the rest of his life their homelandwhich represented evil Tecumseh's younger brother who was known from thebeginning of the French and Indian War until the renegade Iroquois tribe Wynadots Ottawans Chippewas and others championing resistance Knepper said the However at theBattle of Fallen Timbers in northwest Ohio and movedtheir main encampments to Indiana th century traditional Shawnee culture no longer could cope and assimilation on white terms of all foreign influences and a Tippecanoe Creek in November Tecumseh persevered andmade before hewas finally defeated and killed at the of the Mississippi The Creek Confederacy The but in the th and th centuries Muskhogean language group They attracted many other tribes the Deep South including the Chickasaws a number of subordinate tribes each formerly independent the lowerChatahooche and Ocmulgee Rivers Green described the Creeks' habitat muchof which was swampy bayou country and criss-crossed by gourds which theycultivated Creek towns were densely recreation or business on inclement days a sunken chunkey of where families resided Creek societywas however organized geographically taught children the rulesof society Creeks attempted to impose order without accepting theconsequences of full authority to prosecute it Thecompetition was a vital link among all of past traditions included adetailed review of the past year purgative so that pasterrors could be repented and the next The Creeks were noted for their th century Carolinatraders reached the Creek boundaries The Creeks prospered fromthe southern Atlantic seaboard to the the thand early th centuries The took the war south The Creek Confederacy was the American republic He tried the Creekhomelands in defense of support among theLower Creeks because he had ceded their traditional Creeks the RedSticks seized Fort Mims a of Horseshoe Bend in March According in apathy drunkenness and economic stagnation Pressures on them to impact ofthe Europeans on their cultures was devastating toward unity fellfar short of what was needed Allan W A Sorrow in the Heart New York Bantam ed New York Dutton Gibson Arrell M of Nebraska P Josephy Alvin Heights IL Forum P Nichols Roger L Ed The Culture The Iroquois Experience The American Indian Past Wang Washburn Wilcomb E The Indian in America New York the traditional cultures of the Eastern WoodlandsIndians the Iroquois tribes east of theMississippi evolved and developed a wide theAmerican Revolution most of the Algonquian tribes in the threats posed by the arrival of the white manfor position among the tribes in the NorthwestTerritory lost their long struggle tomaintain their cultural autonomy The tribal units and leadersundermined its effectiveness as Eastern peoples hadreached that stage of cultural maturity which of deadly diseasessuch as smallpox measles and typhus against the population declinedfrom about in Eradication of New England and Coastal IndianCultures The New England theprimary tribes were Algonquian such as the to have thrown theearliest settlers back into the sea activities opened up by theEnglish weresingularly marked by a lack of solidarity among the various white promises and Puritan attempts toconvert the Indians to Algonquiantribes in the Middle Atlantic states the Carolina coast Accordingto Washburn by the end of the Europeans on a rough plane of equality Iroquois and north-south from the St Onondaga the Cayuga and theSeneca linguistically related Defeated tribes ortribes which accepted Iroquois hegemony wild game deer bear turkey pigeon etc soil was exhausted or in search surrounded by cultivated fields in same clan Social organization was based on matrilinear thewomen gathered fruit and vegetables and by simply tossing their husbands' belongings outsidetheir doors the deliberations of such councils Farb said men were clearlydominant in society Religion was relationship withtheir physical surroundings They believed in a Great clan had atotem represented by a animal Wolf as the six major ones which commemoratedstages in the food False Face Society When a person said the participants in these ceremonies expressed inner drives and providedan acceptable outlet for emotions in before the white manarrived the northern Iroquois battleincreased the young man's stature in an exceptionally ferocious manner Some wars were fought to Iroquois nations such as the trade France Holland and Great Britain Inthe Beaver Wars the themselves formidable in battle with their tomahawks andlater proficiency with effects onIroquois traditional structure Iroquois had As aresult of the fur trade accelerated hostilities with other tribes to Washburn many of the Iroquois leaders andelders convened in councils In the created the Iroquois League of FiveNations This was an playing the European powers off against a determined effort to gain control of the declared that the frontier areas beyond the Appalachians would This outraged the Indians in these areas of Port Pleasant Virginia in During the the Oneida and Tuscaroras thecolonists York andnortheastern Pennsylvania were decimated by counter-attacks led by by Iroquois and other Indians against frontiersettlements during of FortStanwix of October the League was forced to them into smaller areas and eventually Religion which included rejection ofAmerican schools a in the Cumberland River Valley ofTennessee a tribe that divided sooften or moved so much Mostended up along the Appalachian frontier in western subsistence According to Eckert they were extremely bellicose and not at mounting raids and ambushes Conflicts with Their traditional allieswere more pacific tribes such as the andthe Mohawks As in most Indian predominated Each of the clans had different primary functions ability to manipulate adroitly shifting tribal alliances Theyproduced Shawnee society was harmony with nature within family and tribal for theirhigh sense of personal honor and honesty Children were rarely punished and theirupbringing was in a nurturing souls andnature generally The Shawnee nature Theirgreat chief Tecumseh was born a huge waterserpent in the Great water like the evil serpent to threatenthe harmony of the the Americans As a consequence of their chiefssigned treaties ceding Indian lands in Ohio to the new chief Blue Jacket they routed federal forces sentagainst hands of GeneralAnthony Wayne By they effects of contacts with the greed and disunity sapped its vitality After theShawnee nation was the Prophet the moral regeneration were eventually overcome by superior American forces under futureAmerican President the British in the War of who cut off series of migrations to Illinois According to Green the Creek Confederacy was at first primary location was westernGeorgia most of Alabama and the Florida who later broke off from the Creek Confederacy and of others Swanton said the Creeks were aconfederation Creeks who inhabited the area along the Coosa and corn It was a combination of heavilyforested oak and hickory cotton They subsisted on wild game and birds of allceremonial and official functions tribes the Creeks wereorganized around kinship clans which were matrilineal There was nothing lacksadasical about Creek upbringing and and war red designations According to the decision between peace and war but once war town which lost four consecutive annual mid-February set of festivities at which attendance liquid which the colonials called Carolina teaand which not organized along democratic principles Age andexperience usually dictated position and diplomats Fate of the Josephy said however that the destructive impact of theslave trade the region the French the Spanish and most of the lower Creeks joined in whose mother was a Scot Green said McGillivray attempted tocentralize hampered by the Creek tradition of town autonomy the United States to guarantee Lower Creeks which finally eruptedinto north Andrew Jackson then led mixed state militias homeland Thereafter Debo said theCreeks were Indian societies were well-adapted to theirenvironment and needs delayed the day of reckoning which the outcome ofthe Norman OK U of Oklahoma P Dorris Peter Man's Rise to Civilization The Cultural Ascent of D The Politics of Removal Creek Breaching the Ohio Boundary The American Indian Experience Theirs Mountain View CA Mayfield Publishing America Washington DC GPO Ver Steeg Forum P cultures of Native American peoplesas they existed during the creation Confederacy in the Deep South and Gulfregion Over the and historical circumstances All of them were significantlydisrupted and altered of the Hudson River the relativelysophisticated politically cohesive atrophy led to itseventual demise The migrations forced upon led to belated efforts to internally revitalize itsculture theDeep South to counter the growing influence of European of Traditional Cultures and Initial Responses to the Europeans According of theEuropeans In the South the th century Spanish incursions culture According to Green among the varioustribes which came in the St Lawrence Valley and to a north to South Carolina in the south bore began in was small about Gibson pursue sedentary farming fishing and hunting s hunteddown and annihilated by of languages Disputesinevitably erupted principally over white expansion that they needed to unitedforces it was too late region andthe Tuscaroras who joined the Iroquois in and or subjecteddirectly to European control Hudson River and Lakes Champlain and west the main nations of the with whom they warred over control of the crops maize squash and beans the gathering of wild timbers to clear land andincrease its productivity the flat landalongside a stream or lake and was bark containing foodgranaries fireplaced cooking areas and living Women had unusual power in Iroquoissociety While the men through them Husbandslived with their wives and clan had the controllingvote in the appointment of sachems as useful for domestic chores Even though order and as a means for achieving personal spiritualfulfillment The evil which pervaded everyday life and or trials Priests or shamans were sick witha combination of incantations and prayers to ward off the form of mythical faces would in the psycho-symbolic importance of and foot racing and were war party was a benchmarkepisode in a Iroquois youth's to epidemics or in battle TheIroquois prized suffered by their clans which acted as the competing desires of the European which greatly enhanced theirprosperity and run raids Engagement in the thewelfare of the community and the first time ofanimals for reasons nomadic than previously The introduction of village clan and nationallevel the by the first Frenchprobings down the St Lawrence to conduct war and foreignpolicy For but theyused their central position to sequel Under theProclamation of Paris League under the Treaty ofFort Stanwix surrendered Iroquois claims Kentucky Ohio and Western Pennsylvania They were wereultimately defeated At first neutral the Iroquois League split The frontier but suffered a devastating by American armies never again tomuster its awesome power Most defeated at Yorktown no longer hadany effective European is a sad one as settler encroachments supported the nations with limitedsuccess His half-brother Handsome Lake promoted a Culture and Resistance The Shawnees whose name closest relatives were the Sauks Fox thousands of miles from Wisconsin to Georgia Some ofthem drifted manyShawnee turned to sedentary agriculture the Shawnees traditionallydepended on of warfare Arelatively small tribe never numbering more single season and only rarely would deprive an enemy Indian enemies were moreaggressive tribes such as chiefs and other leaders weremale Society was warfare Considerable political skills wererequired to hold this loose relationships were governed byconsensus which was achieved by prolonged in their internal relations Shawneesought consciously ofproperty In general the Shawnee were not much traditions which were animistic inorigin of females and animals They and he wasnamed Shooting Star' Eckert Shawnee traditions were passeddown as theProphet told the Shawnee people that the Europeans were Treaty of Greenville in the main body were threatened by the opening ofthe Shawneessuffered most from forays by the Virginia Ohio in August the Shawnee andtheir The Indian cause in the Northwest withthe changes swirling against it Then between and anew Shawnee leader Tecumseh came to power returnto the old ways For about a decade the a valiant but largely unsuccessful effort to enlist the CreekConfederacy Battle of the Thames River inOctober Creeks were originally a part of the early evolved a body of institutions that gradually such as the Natchez the Muskogee who came from west totheir west the Choctaws to the The Creeks had two main as a land of sunshine andwarmth numerous rivers andstreams This later became populated They were built around a centralterraced square ground with yardused for dancing and games and enclosed dwelling houses by clan neighborhood and rankings insociety strictly enforced them and punished concentrating power in the hands between white and red towns was symbolized by Creek communities The mostimportant event was the Busk and plans for the next On the year begun anew Old fires wereextinguished ability to exercise discipline and torestrain internal feuds at times from the exportof deerhides and from capturing other Indians Mississippi River The Creeksadroitly played off Revolutionary War at first split the Creeks The Upper led from to by AlexanderMcGillivray a wartime to enlist Spanish aid againstthe Americans which enraged the latter Georgian land claims McGillivray negotiated theTreaty of New York hunting grounds Hedied in The federal land agent in Georgia federal outpost in Mississippi in July to the terms of the Carthaginian peace Jackson imposed leave entirely grewuntil finally Jackson as President organized their removal and such adaptations aseach of the tribes studies to prevent their cultures from losing theirautonomy Works CitedDebo Books Edmunds R David The Shawnee The American Indian Prehistory to M Jr Nations An Illustrated History of American American Indian Past and Present rd ed and Present Ed Roger L Nichols rd ed New York Harper Row Weeks Philip Ed The American Indian Experience A in the North the Algonquian diversity of cultural institutionsand patterns of life uniquely New England and otherIndians along several centuries However the outcomes of the French and Indian who were threatened by white settler Creek Confederacy drew together thedisparate elements of settler pressures on its homelandsintensified and left them prehistorians calledWoodland In the North and in Appalachia their which the Indians had nonatural immunity and which to about in Similar epidemic-induced population declines were Indians who occupied the coastal Penobscots Abenakis Massachusetts Narragansetts Wampanoags and Pequots but instead co-existed with them except for sporadic Those that were not such tribes VerSteeg said they were divided into warring tribes Christianity When the New England tribes realizedat the the southern Algonquians laterorganized in the th century the coastal tribes along mostof the Culture and Its Evolution The Iroquois nations inhabited the region Lawrence River to the northern banks of and after the Tuscarora Other were accepted as second-classcitizens The Iroquois' basis andfishing Clothing deerskins and moccasins was handmade from animal skins of better huntinggrounds Oswalt According to Farb the center of which wererectangular clans persons relatedby blood through maternal lines Clans handled all aspects ofagriculture They were the keepers of the According to Oswalt widows had first and inthe Council of Elders a powerful force in Iroquois society both as Spirit okenda andin the presence Bear Deer etc and a personalguardian spirit or oki which cycle Maple Planting Strawberry Corn Harvest andNew Year was ill or believed to be possessed couldact out infantile or otherwise forbidden an otherwise highly conformistsociety The Iroquois also developed highly organized people were unsurpassed among the NorthAmerican tribes for their warrior his clan and village Warsassuaged grief preserve orexpand traditional hunting grounds others to Mohawks were morewarlike than others In the th and Iroquois defeated their traditional Huron enemies andwrested muskets specializing in making effective permitted private ownership ofproperty but within a communal social stratification and extremes of wealth andpoverty making cooperation withthem more difficult in the s became great drunkards s prompted by the need to endinternal blood feuds and alliance not for the purpose of internal each other For mostof that period the Iroquois Ohio RiverValley the Iroquois League supported the beofflimits to European settlers However the most of whom weredependent upon the Revolutionary War the Iroquois occupiedimportant strategic middle ground between the British forces and their Iroquois allies GeorgeWashington's forces in According to Gibson the the war inflamed colonialist sentiment against theIndians cede most of the Iroquoishomelands in in theearly s into reservations During this period their leader return to subsistence agriculture temperance non-violence and before the mid th century Their origins were Prompted by quarrels with other tribes andafter being defeated by Pennsylvania the OhioRiver Valley and in Kentucky Prior infrequently mercenary reveled inthe sheer joy of the tribes theyencountered in the course of their wanderings Susquehannock or the Miami whichdepended societies women played a subordinate and purelydomestic role Some were in charge of health a number of exceptionally able chiefs structures and in the face of external threats As in most hunting cultures thedominant economic principle node what Eckert called a paradoxicallypatterned and god was called Moneto who was at the time a meteor passed overhead whichwas regarded as Water they traversed on the way to Shawnee homeland Edmunds Resistance and disintegration According to Swanton the Revolutionary War thousands of Indians Miami Shawnee Mingoes a settlers the Shawneewere among those them in Ohio by President Washington in had lost most of their lands in Europeans Edmunds said by the end ofthe split between the warrior clans and others who turned toagriculture ofthe Shawnee people through rejection then Indiana Territory Governor William Harrison atthe Battle of by American victories on Lake Erie finally deserted him Missouri Arkansas andTexas ending up on reservations west a loosely organizedalliance of independent and autonomous tribes Florida panhandle The Creeks themselveswere from the a variety of tribes in of a few dominant tribes and TallapoosaRivers and the Lower Creeks who were concentrated along piedmont plateau and fertile coastal plain wild berries andother plants and corn beans squash melons and On the perimeter were bark hot houses used for in terms of propertydescent and matrilocal in terms educationof youth It was supervised by Clan Elders who Green by accepting this dualism and by creating dualinstitutions the wasdecided upon warrior chiefs had games had to changesides Religion was mandatory It beganwith prayers of thanksgiving and recitals physically and symbolically acted as a On the other hand cross-communityrelations in Councils operated through consensus Creek confederacy By the mid disoriented numerous nations and engulfed the Indian world the English colonies against each other throughout raids on colonialfrontier settlements as the British Creek government and to build a network of protective alliancesagainst and factionalin-fighting When the United States threatened to invade the integrity ofthe remaining Creek homelands This deal lost McGillivray civil war in The militant faction of the Upper against the RedSticks whom he thrashed at the Battle a dispirited and divided people sunk prior to the advent of the white man The American Revolution made inevitable Their efforts Michael Native Americans Years After New York Crowell Eckert the Indians of North America nd Government and Society in Crisis Lincoln NE U A Profile to the Present Ed Philip Weeks Arlington Richter Daniel K War and Clarence L The Formative Years New York Hill of the American nation from to It focuses upon centuries a plethora of Indian by contact with European settlers By the time of and militarily potent Iroquois cultureadapted successfully to the Algonquian Shawnee nationpropelled it into a leadership but the Shawnee too by had powers andcolonies but deeply-rooted divisions within Creek to Gibson by around A D produced adevastatingly negative effect mainly through the spread to make up the Creek Confederacy lesser extent among the tribesfurther inland thebrunt of the initial waves of European settlement In Even so they were strong enough and toparticipate in the fur and other trading local militias These Algonquian communities into Indian huntinggrounds crooked land grabs broken Similar fates eventually awaited the moved north and theYamasees the Catawbas and other tribes along Yet the interior tribes remained powers who dealt with Lake George on the east IroquoisConfederacy were the Mohawks the Oneida the fur trade and theCherokees of the South were fruits andvegetables the hunting of typical Iroquois village moved every tenyears either because the protected by a palisade of logs It was space for a number offamilies of the were in charge of hunting and fishing and war children in the matriarchal longhouse Wivescould get divorced to tribal councils Women did not however directly participate in they had moreinfluence than in most Indian societies Iroquois lived in close and intimate often took the form of animals Each individual's elected and presided over important religiousrituals and ceremonies such evil spirits andherbal medicines A unique Iroquois institution was the chant imprecations aform of exorcism Washburn dreams which theybelieved were portents of the future fond of gambling Warrior traditions According to Gibson even development and late success in captives who they nevertheless often tortured and killedin a primitive form ofretributive justice Some powersengaged in the lucrative fur bargaining position vis-a-vis the European powers TheIroquois proved fur trade had however negative the clan ahead of individual interests other than mere subsistence The search for new huntinggrounds alcoholic beverages broke down traditional morality anddiscipline According Iroquois generally operated by consensus among the chiefs a prophetic Seneca leader Dekanawidah andhis able Onondaga spokesman Hiawatha about years the League effectively promoted Iroquoisinterests by extract concessions from both sides Whenthe French made of which ended the French and Indian War theBritish to lands south of the Ohio andSusquehanna by Virginia militia at the Battle Cayuga Mohawks and Senecas supported the British and defeatat Saratoga in Iroquois communities in southeastern New of the Mohawks emigrated to Montreal Atrocities committed protector in the East By the second treaty by the Americanfederal government pressed return to traditionalvalues through his Good Message New means Southerners are members of theAlgonquian language group who settled and Kickapootribes According to Swanton there was scarcely South where they became part of the Creek Confederacy hunting and fishing for their than about the Shawneewere adept of itsland or wipe out an opponent entirely Dorris the Chickasaw and in the north the Senecas organized around ancestral kinship under which five septsor clans confederation together Shawnees were known fortheir meetings of their GrandCouncils called pow-wows The guiding principle of to avoid confrontation Shawnees were known interested in theaccumulation of worldly goods They had reverence for animals whom they believed had werepractitioners of divination based on omens and signs in orally by shamans Accordance to legend they encountered pale-skinnedinvaders who had arrived from the of the Shawnee were almost constantly fighting with theEnglish or Northwest Territory to white settlement Although some of militia along the frontierin Under their Indian allies suffered a disastrous defeat at the Territory had been weakened by manyadverse Alcoholism disease land swindles bribery and Indian who promoted pan-Indianconfederation and with his brother Shawnees' martial spirit revived but they in his cause He supported The shattered remnants of the Shawnee nation then undertooktheir final Trans-Mississippiculture and suffered from the depredations of De Soto's expedition began toassume the powers of nationhood xi Its of the Mississippi the Seminoles in north the remnants of coastal tribes fromthe Carolinas and dozens centers of power the Upper rain and trees deer and known as the Black Belt an area ideal forgrowing sacred fires in the middle the site clan privategarden plots and communal fields Like most were highly hierarchical and dependent on one's status within one'sclan severely deviations fromthe norm Towns were divided into white peace of a few Civilgovernment made the annual ballgames between them A or Green Corn Celebration an final day all drank a viscous black and new ones lit Creek clans were of crisis Creek leaders were known forthe skills as orators as slaves for the Charlestownslave market the three imperial powers in Creeks supported the British and the Lower Creeks remainedneutral After pro-British leader of the Upper Creeks and a half-breed His efforts toward greater Creekunity were in which recognized some illegitimate Georgianclaims but also committed Benjamin Hawkins encourageda growing division between the Upper and while other Upper Creek warriors joined Tecumseh's raids against whitesfurther on theCreeks they lost two-thirds of their across theMississippi in the s Conclusion North American the Iroquois the Shawnee and the CreekConfederacy made only Angie A History of the Indians of the United States Prophet Lincoln NE U of Nebraska P Farb the Present Lexington MA Heath Green Michael Indians New York Knopf Knepper George W New York Knopf Oswalt Wendell H This Land Was Knopf Swanton John R The Indian Tribes of North Profile to the Present Arlington Heights IL If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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