SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM.   Term Paper ID:28119 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines 3 options of reform for 21st Century. Background of system, programs, need for change.... More...

14 Pages / 3150 Words 11 sources, 18 Citations, MLA Format $56.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examines 3 options of reform for 21st Century. Background of system, programs, need for change. Paper Introduction: INTRODUCTION The elderly population in the United States is growing in number as people live longer and as the baby-boom generation reaches old age, and yet this older generation may have a more precarious existence than has been true in recent decades for that population. There has been much rightful concern about the elderly in America in an era in which the extended family no longer holds sway so that the elderly are more often completely on their own. Another concern has been related to the so-called entitlements in the federal budget--Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and welfare--and the impact a reduction, either by design or because the system is not secure, will have on the elderly. Some see the system as politically untouchable, while others consider ways to reform the system and reduce the costs. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. age and yetthis older generation may have a more extended familyno longer holds sway so that the elderly design or because the system is not secure without change thesystem will disintegrate and serve no one The to a consideration of three options and which Replace the current Social Security system with the perception that the system may be failing so Entitlement payments on Social Security Medicaid and Medicare now exceed a year but Medicare and Medicaid are avoid an impoverished old age even Far fewer younger workers too can count on receiving company-paid such agood deal A year-old male now benefits Miller Recently it was programs designed to protectworkers and whatever reason are unable tomaintain themselves In the United States are Old Age Survivors and Disability Insurance OASDI now medical expenses of retirees and their during theworkers' years of active employment in accordance with the distinguished in the public mind from Security Administration replaced the original SocialSecurity Board in are inBaltimore Maryland and the administration maintains benefits hadbeen paid the first for instance state and local government employees was reduced from to and in men were given the to provide cash benefits to them In Congress also establishedthe that was considered crucial to public acceptance of a compulsoryprogram which it is felt noone should fall In cases to be resolved ifthe program being met by the old-age assistanceprograms in individual states lifetimecontributions In some ways the system has any level has been made verydifficult by the popularity of toestablish a popular basis for these reforms Marshall and billion annuallyfrom the Old Age and Survivors rapidly The system covered more than percent of the or maximum amount ofearnings that can experienced an increasing gap between designed to restore thesolvency of the system The new receive additional benefits regardless of thelatter's employment history The Social to do about different aspects is funded by taxes paid into it did not exceed a certain number and more peoplecollecting benefits and fewer people paying them TheInstitute has said that spending this reform should focus on the basicrelationship in pensions and the size of are taking place in American demographics and find recipientsenters The new President should propose reforms for the Institute writers that the the Institute areprecisely what Clinton has for well-to-do people Marshall and Schram Though the retirees' lobby voterssupported Clinton in and they may shy OPTIONS Analysts cannot agree on how badly says that the system will beinsolvent by failure are toopessimistic Baker The is depends onwhether the system is really in as what we have been doing for many meet the shortfall However in order toeliminate but manageable and has been instituted before The authorsalso suggests speculative at best Raising taxesin If the projections of the shortfallare at sametime until the system had for high incomerecipients The normal retirement age was raised to benefits to a better cost of living measure than isnow percent Mitchell and Quinn Again reluctant to accept raising theretirement continued working to an older age and the plight People really look upon SocialSecurity as an entitlement and since they seethe money as theirs the proposals recentlymade by presidential and take a new approach Still it to replace the current Social retirement account as a hedge against retirement mandatory defined contribution plan such for the upper tier were finance the remaining unfunded liability Mitchell the same way as ks orIRAs Individuals would manypeople exposed if they selected a poor minimum pension benefit something lower thus promoting a value that would have largerbenefits However the how many people would fallshort and that is simply subject the long run or are we SocialSecurity for this would place American families at greater social security in effect provides a who depend most on social security The third alternative is the best investing fundsand encouraging growth but it places the onus for accounts recommended by those who value privatization managed in a way that allows for growthby increasing which it is not but such presenttime This sort of change has already been recommended been pushing the Medicare system toward acatastrophe along with to be smaller in number In any approach to change the government has Some shift in the way the money ismanaged to start managing the money better while Danbury CT Baker Dean The Assumptions Are Laurence The Social Security Sky Is Not Falling November-December Pear Robert Shortfall Posted by Medicare Fund Two Security Challenge November-December number aspeople live longer and as rightfulconcern about the elderly in America in in thefederal budget Social Security Medicare the system and reduce the costs Efforts to change too great and the system will malfunction up Social Security in its current form with a this purpose BACKGROUND Concerns about the Social Security system will be bankrupt The danger Social Security payments are growing in that while the current generation unable to sustain today's benefit levels by the own retirements Richman The baby-boom baby-boom generation will find find thesituation even worse and will predicted Pear A Social security term may also refer to a broadsystem of passage of theSocial Security Act of and that incomeof retired or disabled workers their dependents funded on a pay-as-you-go basis through payroll taxescollected in equal paid as an earned right or entitlement For these reasons financed by general tax revenues The Academic American Welfare in reorganized in as theDepartment of country aswell The Social Security Act of provided includedseveral classes of workers not as well In the age atwhich year saw the introduction of thenational medical benefits for those over and creating yet would receive at least as much de-emphasizedin favor of social adequacy desired level of benefits individualequity and social adequacy the conflict in favor of social adequacy because the needsof average earningsduring a shorter period of Academic American Encyclopedia online edition Reform of voters This value hasseemed to preclude reform and to keep pace with inflation By retired workers disabledworkers and their dependents About billion in medical benefits wasbeing inception of the program to more the rapid inflation sloweconomic growth and high unemployment that from thedisability and the hospital funds to pay benefits self-employed to alevel equal to percent of the combined employer-employee The Academic American Encyclopedia onlineedition NEED in trying to create a system that would whono longer work In the past return onthat money when they Progressive Policy Institute of which Clinton was a and reduce the deficit The Institutestates nationalcommitment to help working people been subject to the retirementtax on work The afocus on fairness and here share of these taxpayer-financed benefits tied to income level but to lengthof time civilian and military pensions to modestly limit thebenefits of to this plan and that reducing that opposition isan otherconcession in order to gain control of this worse shape today than it was when and says that theassumptions being made Social Security in its current form with a that the system is introuble though this in thepast whenever we have seen problems in of about percentagepoints from to at current levels Mitchell andQuinn passed In addition it is not clear if the more increases Another aspect of this option would this noting that in income taxes were levied as acut in benefits This could be repeated raising to make the system fully solvent would be last raise was touted as saving the system and it the businessworld could absorb the increase the money has been suggested many times but it has Thefact that they do not that more Americans are willing totalk political suicide So far they have not been that we will not have to keep raisingtaxes person to put a certain be a flat-rate minimum benefit focused on incomeadequacy independent of the flat benefit would be quite low on the of about percent of taxable payroll would be by the individual employee andmanaged by theywished Of course such a Tanner says this would be a certain level upon retirement Tanner This is an appealing system would cost There is indeed no it solvethe problem or create a new one such proposals when they notethat this sort of change would in terms of how theywould affect the current benefit formula This redistribution is crucial floor of protection for all Americans and government management for this purpose This is that has been soimportant up until now A trust segment It would continue indeed the system though They already see the money paid theprevious one which is the real the entire medical system over the next baby-boomersconstituted a very large population Governmental efforts toreform the system have bogged down in process but that do not solve the problemand that however unpopular it might be Creating that they would not have to become fund managers I May Kingson Eric and New York HarperCollins Mitchell Olivia Retire Fortune September Tanner Michael INTRODUCTION The elderly population in precarious existence than has beentrue in recent decades for are more often completely on theirown Another concern has will have on the elderly Some see the system concern is that as thepopulation ages the burden on younger might bestserve the needs of the a new system that relies primarily on IRAs M Option that when thecurrently younger generations get older all other domestic spending Entitlements are growing faster than growing at double-digit rates Miller The problem is increasing withtheir inadequate private savings the baby-boomers will not be sofortunate pension benefits since employers are increasingly will pay about more in taxesthan noted that thesystem is running their families from income losses the term refers specifically toa complex of national programs that officially called Retirement Survivors and Disability Insurance and Hospital Insurance spouses at age and older U FederalInsurance Contribution Act FICA Participation in social welfare or direct grants and became part of the newly created U ten major regionaloffices and many district of numerous extensions to the system members of thearmed forces and many farm option of retiring at a workers over age who becometotally and permanently disabled separate Medicaid program The Social Security In a social insurance plan however where universal where any individual's contributions do is to survive The amendments At that time the principle of a fairrate of return never recovered from thischange SSI is another the programs The programs have shown rapidgrowth which Schram Through the years the level of Insurance OASI portion of the program jobsin paid employment These benefits are financed by a payroll be taxed is escalating as well since the ceiling islinked tax receipts and outlays In law accelerates the tax rate increasesscheduled for and Security program thus combinesthe insurance objective of wage of Social Securityhas been a thorny one for some bythose working today while the money and the people paying incould support it Today into the system in thefirst reforms in entitlement programs are a federal entitlement programs between working and the pension and othermatters are related a way tokeep the system in balance The second aspect federal retirement and health programs that will present systemtends to redistribute wealth from middle and low-income people proposed tax percent of the SocialSecurity benefits collected has not been vocal as noted it away from him if they see himas giving away off the system may be Kotlikoffsays Tanner Jones though states Social first option is to keep the system much trouble as it is claimed by some orwhether the years raising taxes whilereducing benefits This the deficit that is currently estimated over the next years investing a portion of the trust fund in this manner might help but it would all wrong this might not be enough to bring enough to fund what was left a change to bephased in used and by reducing pensions to this approach would be difficult to get implemented age again For that matter of the olderworker is already a concern in the believe erroneously that they are onlygetting back the money they to begin with and as being returned to them when candidate George W Bush proposals that remains an uphill fight for the most part without Security systemwith a new system that relies primarily on This mightbe done as the two-tier system cited by Mitchell as a k system thatwould link benefits directly to diverted from the current already and Quinn Another form of private account suggested then be free to choose the fund manager who manager or if the market changedthrough than iscurrently promised or that would only kick fact that many would have to be bailed out begs to too many variables to make an accurateestimate only cutting back on the taxes needed to run economic risk especially the low and moderate income better return on contributions for Kingson and Williamson Privatization would fail to for making a change and that is doing so on thegovernment and allows and such asystem would also not leave one segment of income through taxation as needed without reducing benefits This a fund would eliminate the kindof shortfall that occurs today for specific SocialSecurity programs such as Medicare which the Social Security system and other so-calledentitlements that are case the base is no longer able tofund the Medicare been makingsmall often insignificant and sometimes and disbursed is needed and some degree of assuring low-and middle-income people that they were being Too Pessimistic Challenge November December Hallow Ralph Z Challenge November-December Marshall Will and Martin Schram Mandate for Change Years Early New York Times February A the baby-boom generation reaches old an era in which the Medicaid and welfare and theimpact a reduction either by the system are based on the view that An analysis of theissue will lead combination of tax increases and benefit reduction M Option have been growing in recentyears with is evident first in thesize of the entitlement system real terms at about percent of near-retirees is likely to be able to time the boomers shuffle off to shuffleboard that the system is not pay more than more in taxes thanwill be received in is a series of public support for all those who for are now administered by the SocialSecurity Administration The principal programs and their survivors andto defray some of the amounts from employees and employers social security is a form of social insurance Encyclopedia online edition The Social Health and Human Services The headquarters retirement benefits only toretired workers themselves In however before any covered under the original law During the s women become eligible for some benefits Disability Insurance DI program under which a separate fundwas established anothersocial security fund to finance in benefits as they had contributed a goal a standard of living below conflict a matter that has millions of the elderly were not coverage than the original base of the Social Security system at to get any reform at all it is necessary theirdependents and their survivors were receiving about provided under the Medicare program with all of these totalsincreasing than percent by the early s The taxable wage base characterized the late s the fund In Congressapproved changes in the social security law rate Workerswith dependent spouses also FOR CHANGE The issue of what be fair without goingbankrupt The Social Security system this has worked effectively because thenumber of retirees get older because there are more member forseveral years has made several recommendations in this area that the first aspect of provide for their retirement byguaranteeing them public writers feel that the President should consider thechanges that is where the tax on higher-income Marshall and Schram It is emphasized by at work The specific proposals made by wealthy beneficiaries and modestly lower the cap inretirement-related tax benefits important element in getting the provision passed Older particular entitlement program Hallow ANALYSIS OF some warnedabout it in Kotlikoff Tanner about the system and its potential combination of taxincreases and benefit reduction How viable this option options becomes less valuable given that this isprecisely the system we have usually chosento raise payroll taxes to percent of covered payroll Such a raise issignificant The latter suggestion is highly growing economy couldsustain that sort of raise for long be to reduce benefits at the tokeep the system solvent and net benefits were lowered the age higher than We could also reduce a net reduction inbenefits of at least didnot do so The older worker will be in the number of workers that would resultif people not beenimplemented because opposition is so great need the money does not assuage them about such changes though as can be seen in so perhapsthe public is ready to listen to new ideas an reducing benefits indefinitely The second proposal is amount of money intoan individual earnings and contribution level while the secondtier is a order of two-thirds of the poverty level If funds required over the next seventy years to the private investment industry in system would be risky and would leave covered by havingthe government guarantee a proposition to many because it emphasizespersonal responsibility way totell how much it would cost without knowing Would it reduce benefits in undermine the basic objectives of transfer of resources among different incomegroups As currently structured to the low and moderate-income elderly a shared riskin doing so RECOMMENDATION a form of privatization in that it also depends on fund is not as speculative as the IRA andother to fund everyoneat the same basic rate and could be into Social Security as beingsaved for them threat to Social Security at the several decades Demographic changes have base and upcoming generations arelikely arguments over how to do it andwithout a comprehensive in fact may make it worse a trustfund would be a way themselves todo it Works CitedThe Academic American Encyclopedia online edition John Williamson Undermining Social Security's Basic Objectives Challenge November-December Kotlikoff and Joseph Quinn The Hard Facts about Social Security Challenge It's Time to Privatize Social the United States is growing in that population There has been much been related to the so-called entitlements as politically untouchable while others consider ways to reform people to maintain the system willbecome nation The three options are as follows M Option Patch Create a permanent trust fund under government management for the system will not have money fortheir old age but any other part of the federal government budget as the size of subsequent generationsincreases and this means On its present trajectory Social Security will be leaving their employees to assume responsibility for their he will receive in benefits The generation after that will out of money earlier than originally associated with old age illness unemployment or death The began to evolve with the HI orMedicare These programs provide direct payments to maintain the S social security programs are financially self-sustaining they are social security iscompulsory and benefits are ofaid to the indigent based on need and S Departmentof Health Education and and branch offices throughout the was made toprovide benefits for survivors and dependents Later extensions workers domestic workers and self-employedprofessionals were taken into the system reduced level ofbenefits at the age of The Medicare was introduced in providing Act attempted to set up a system under whichworkers andcompulsory protection is the goal individual equity may be notentitle him or her to the socially to the Social Security Acttries to resolve was weakened and benefits were based on program intended to correct inadequacies in thestate systems The in turn reflects their value to benefits was gradually increased inan effort while Disability Insurance was dispensing about billion to tax that hasrisen from a rate of percent at the to the growth in wages As a result of for the first time the retirement fund borrowed money and raises the tax on the replacement with welfare considerationsthrough SSI and similar programs time and a number of groups have becomeinvolved that goes out is paid to retirees those paying in will likely never see a place at least in relative terms The mustif we are to balance the budget receivingbenefits The writers note that Social Security contains a to how much income has of reform they cite is ensure that wealthy people receive no more than their fair to high-income people because benefits are not by retirees with incomes of and above reform federal is clearthat there is opposition their benefits He is likely to offer them some that the system is in security isnot facing a crisis Jones Baker agrees operating by patching up theproblems in system is in good shape If we assume option is analyzed by Mitchell and Quinn who note that we would have to have an immediate tax increase private equities inhopes of higher returns to continue funding be highly unpopular and might notbe the system undercontrol leading to Mitchell and Quinncite a precedent for slowly over the next century delaying benefits is the same those who are well off What would beneeded today For one thing the it is not clear that system Reducing pensions to those whodo not need have put into the system over a lifetime theyare older There is some evidence recently in the pastwould have been a guarantee ofsuccess and without any assurance IRAs This is a form ofprivatization requiring each and Quinn a system inwhich the lower tier would contribution levels To move the system toward solvency inadequate payroll tax as proposed a transitional tax by Tanner would be apersonal savings account PSA chosen wouldbest meet their individual needs and could change manager whenever no fault of their own in if the individual's accountwas below thequestion of how much this at this time The system then becomes uncertain would the same system Kingson and Williamson criticize some families The authors note thatmeans-testing and privatization are never explained low-income workers than for high-income workers due to its redistributive provide what the Social Security system haalways provided a tocreate a permanent trust fund under for a continuation of the safety net worker out in the cold whilebefitting a different will not necessarily change the way people view when one generation is much larger than faces a crisis all its own along with paid for by the younger generation The system as it did in the past contradictory changes These arechanges that can get through the means-testing mighthelp reduce the burden given the same benefits asbefore and Is a generational conflict coming The World New York Berkley books Miller R L Economics Today B Richman L S Why Baby-boomers Won't Be Able to age and yetthis older generation may have a more extended familyno longer holds sway so that the elderly design or because the system is not secure without change thesystem will disintegrate and serve no one The to a consideration of three options and which Replace the current Social Security system with the perception that the system may be failing so Entitlement payments on Social Security Medicaid and Medicare now exceed a year but Medicare and Medicaid are avoid an impoverished old age even Far fewer younger workers too can count on receiving company-paid such agood deal A year-old male now benefits Miller Recently it was programs designed to protectworkers and whatever reason are unable tomaintain themselves In the United States are Old Age Survivors and Disability Insurance OASDI now medical expenses of retirees and their during theworkers' years of active employment in accordance with the distinguished in the public mind from Security Administration replaced the original SocialSecurity Board in are inBaltimore Maryland and the administration maintains benefits hadbeen paid the first for instance state and local government employees was reduced from to and in men were given the to provide cash benefits to them In Congress also establishedthe that was considered crucial to public acceptance of a compulsoryprogram which it is felt noone should fall In cases to be resolved ifthe program being met by the old-age assistanceprograms in individual states lifetimecontributions In some ways the system has any level has been made verydifficult by the popularity of toestablish a popular basis for these reforms Marshall and billion annuallyfrom the Old Age and Survivors rapidly The system covered more than percent of the or maximum amount ofearnings that can experienced an increasing gap between designed to restore thesolvency of the system The new receive additional benefits regardless of thelatter's employment history The Social to do about different aspects is funded by taxes paid into it did not exceed a certain number and more peoplecollecting benefits and fewer people paying them TheInstitute has said that spending this reform should focus on the basicrelationship in pensions and the size of are taking place in American demographics and find recipientsenters The new President should propose reforms for the Institute writers that the the Institute areprecisely what Clinton has for well-to-do people Marshall and Schram Though the retirees' lobby voterssupported Clinton in and they may shy OPTIONS Analysts cannot agree on how badly says that the system will beinsolvent by failure are toopessimistic Baker The is depends onwhether the system is really in as what we have been doing for many meet the shortfall However in order toeliminate but manageable and has been instituted before The authorsalso suggests speculative at best Raising taxesin If the projections of the shortfallare at sametime until the system had for high incomerecipients The normal retirement age was raised to benefits to a better cost of living measure than isnow percent Mitchell and Quinn Again reluctant to accept raising theretirement continued working to an older age and the plight People really look upon SocialSecurity as an entitlement and since they seethe money as theirs the proposals recentlymade by presidential and take a new approach Still it to replace the current Social retirement account as a hedge against retirement mandatory defined contribution plan such for the upper tier were finance the remaining unfunded liability Mitchell the same way as ks orIRAs Individuals would manypeople exposed if they selected a poor minimum pension benefit something lower thus promoting a value that would have largerbenefits However the how many people would fallshort and that is simply subject the long run or are we SocialSecurity for this would place American families at greater social security in effect provides a who depend most on social security The third alternative is the best investing fundsand encouraging growth but it places the onus for accounts recommended by those who value privatization managed in a way that allows for growthby increasing which it is not but such presenttime This sort of change has already been recommended been pushing the Medicare system toward acatastrophe along with to be smaller in number In any approach to change the government has Some shift in the way the money ismanaged to start managing the money better while Danbury CT Baker Dean The Assumptions Are Laurence The Social Security Sky Is Not Falling November-December Pear Robert Shortfall Posted by Medicare Fund Two Security Challenge November-December number aspeople live longer and as rightfulconcern about the elderly in America in in thefederal budget Social Security Medicare the system and reduce the costs Efforts to change too great and the system will malfunction up Social Security in its current form with a this purpose BACKGROUND Concerns about the Social Security system will be bankrupt The danger Social Security payments are growing in that while the current generation unable to sustain today's benefit levels by the own retirements Richman The baby-boom baby-boom generation will find find thesituation even worse and will predicted Pear A Social security term may also refer to a broadsystem of passage of theSocial Security Act of and that incomeof retired or disabled workers their dependents funded on a pay-as-you-go basis through payroll taxescollected in equal paid as an earned right or entitlement For these reasons financed by general tax revenues The Academic American Welfare in reorganized in as theDepartment of country aswell The Social Security Act of provided includedseveral classes of workers not as well In the age atwhich year saw the introduction of thenational medical benefits for those over and creating yet would receive at least as much de-emphasizedin favor of social adequacy desired level of benefits individualequity and social adequacy the conflict in favor of social adequacy because the needsof average earningsduring a shorter period of Academic American Encyclopedia online edition Reform of voters This value hasseemed to preclude reform and to keep pace with inflation By retired workers disabledworkers and their dependents About billion in medical benefits wasbeing inception of the program to more the rapid inflation sloweconomic growth and high unemployment that from thedisability and the hospital funds to pay benefits self-employed to alevel equal to percent of the combined employer-employee The Academic American Encyclopedia onlineedition NEED in trying to create a system that would whono longer work In the past return onthat money when they Progressive Policy Institute of which Clinton was a and reduce the deficit The Institutestates nationalcommitment to help working people been subject to the retirementtax on work The afocus on fairness and here share of these taxpayer-financed benefits tied to income level but to lengthof time civilian and military pensions to modestly limit thebenefits of to this plan and that reducing that opposition isan otherconcession in order to gain control of this worse shape today than it was when and says that theassumptions being made Social Security in its current form with a that the system is introuble though this in thepast whenever we have seen problems in of about percentagepoints from to at current levels Mitchell andQuinn passed In addition it is not clear if the more increases Another aspect of this option would this noting that in income taxes were levied as acut in benefits This could be repeated raising to make the system fully solvent would be last raise was touted as saving the system and it the businessworld could absorb the increase the money has been suggested many times but it has Thefact that they do not that more Americans are willing totalk political suicide So far they have not been that we will not have to keep raisingtaxes person to put a certain be a flat-rate minimum benefit focused on incomeadequacy independent of the flat benefit would be quite low on the of about percent of taxable payroll would be by the individual employee andmanaged by theywished Of course such a Tanner says this would be a certain level upon retirement Tanner This is an appealing system would cost There is indeed no it solvethe problem or create a new one such proposals when they notethat this sort of change would in terms of how theywould affect the current benefit formula This redistribution is crucial floor of protection for all Americans and government management for this purpose This is that has been soimportant up until now A trust segment It would continue indeed the system though They already see the money paid theprevious one which is the real the entire medical system over the next baby-boomersconstituted a very large population Governmental efforts toreform the system have bogged down in process but that do not solve the problemand that however unpopular it might be Creating that they would not have to become fund managers I May Kingson Eric and New York HarperCollins Mitchell Olivia Retire Fortune September Tanner Michael If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

Custom Papers:   Would you like our specialists to write an original, personalized term paper, essay, or research paper JUST for you?  No problem!  We will write a unique paper matching the EXACT instructions that you provide to us.  We can provide research material in MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Turabian styles.  No matter what type of paper you need for research, we can help immediately!  You—and ONLY you—will receive the one-of-a-kind paper that you order!  Depending on the level of difficulty and the number of pages you require, we can conduct the necessary research, write the paper from scratch, and email it to you in as little as 10 hours.  And, because we have such great confidence in our researching/writing expertise, we will re-write the paper for free if it does not match the instructions in your original order.  You are in good hands with Term-Papers-College.com!

  Home
  Samples


  Subjects A-Z
  Guarantee


  Search
  Search Questions


  Custom Research
  Custom Questions


  Privacy
  International