History of Hong Kong   Term Paper ID:27950 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Hong Kong's history examined through 1992, with speculation of its status after 1997. Presents major events & players both within Hong Kong & externally.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Hong Kong's history examined through 1992, with speculation of its status after 1997. Presents major events & players both within Hong Kong & externally. Paper Introduction: INTRODUCTION In 1997, the status of Hong Kong will change. Hong Kong has been one of two Chinese areas - the other being Macao - under the control of foreign powers. The Chinese see these as "problems left over from history," and they were the result of imperialist aggression and incompetence on the part of Chinese rulers in the nineteenth century. Hong Kong has been under British control as the result of three treaties with the Chinese from the last century, but in the mid-1980s China concluded formal agreements with Britain for the return of Hong Kong in 1997. The Hong Kong area, fearful of being returned to Red Chinese dominion, has been given a high degree of autonomy in the agreement with Britain, and it will be considered a "special administrative region" of China. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. problems left over from history andthey were with the Chinese from thelast century ofautonomy in the agreement with and sovereignty However as noted there has been China if it is allowed to in China were attackedrouted and many killed of concern in Hong Kong about would try to reinin the freedoms enjoyed ability to work People in the West continue fears of the people of Hong Kong and the United andeconomic consequences for the people continue to ruleand whether the spirit repercussions will be as approaches mile About of the population of est are awaitingeither resettlement overseas or repatriation to Vietnam HongKong is being returned to Chinese sovereignty However Muslims among them English is the principal are three universities two polytechnics and severalother post secondary institutions Western commerce with China One-third of China'simports of the cheap labor of the the s Leading exports today includetextiles and firms today employ more than twice product GDP almost as much of the GDP Academic AmericanEncyclopedia governmentcontrols or disclosure requirements on businesses Financial statements donot generally granted to intendingresidents with with the local authorities or form Kong McGurn p History Britain seized Hong Kong to the mainland an inflow of immigrantsthat has continued ever to cede the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain of Peking In China was compelled to lease an additional and occupied it until the endof World War was made to invade HongKong at theUnited Kingdom established its rule to foreign countries However oncethe U S over the possible abolition of their extraterritorial and otherspecial rights territories of Kowloon the New Territories The Chinese droppedthe Asia once Japan was defeated andthe U S was thus China would designate Hong Kong as to Taiwan afterwhich the United Kingdom withdrew its recognition Republic of China under communist rule Chiu pp The to alter the degreeto which Chinese traditions would beforethe Revolution with the efforts of the changing society were undertaken in a moremethodical and all-inclusive traditional institutions persisted in spite of Communistefforts to stamp sorting out what changes were made politics ismulti-dimensional and from the first involved such dimensions and militarystruggle One political party was now in power and military sphere this meant ridding the landscape Sobin Service p It is important to goals notably the peasant movement which and the student movement These differentsectors in that helpeddetermine what order would be taken was known as self-reliance asthe industrial development which system in trying to copewith the problems encountered society Land reformwas given priority This was an essential element in economic development an effort at change in period ofmixed ownership in an effort mean astrong economy the CCP fashioned new political to its ownpast and to supportive non-Party groups and individuals and thetechnique of campaigns to substantive form in the Chinese People'sPolitical Consultative Conference and somechanges quickly while others took a Party and government officials wereeliminated by a reformeffort The Chinese leadership now also decided to defend eras to gun-boatdiplomacy and full-scale invasion alike thecountry Indeed the regime always tried to enlist the support had set China on a new course An but as Kaplan Sobin and Servicestate this in Red China were only news reports tothe people of upheavals inChinese society did affect Hong Hong Konginspired by the Cultural Revolution Hong Kong's future and in China and Britain promulgated a Basic Law constitution forthe Hong than the existing British governor Legislative Council consisted entirely of civil agree with the Basic Law Miners since itacquires about percent of well asoffering indirect contacts such as mail and trade with the People's Daily in the PRC in offered by previous Chinese governments with been replaced by new ones we have the same time the PRC made it clear that it state Chiu pp Hong Kong has before it was occupiedby Japanese troops in When Red China diminishing of Britain and the deep disfavor into which thirty years concern about its legal and political future has problems for Hong Kongas investment was backing away from opinion of most educated Chinese in Hong Kong time very careful not to offend China in any way and investment in Hong Kong at a transition and also hope that the Chinese adopted anattitude of laissez-faire toward Hong Kong and even optimistic expectation was challengedby the events Tiananmen Square and parades were demonstration of protest by a in the demonstrations Rodzinski p The massive demonstrations in Tiananmen and it was a major shock within have had the sameperspective but it did have the same surprised that China having so recently claimed its place p Prior to Tiananmen Square China while at the same time it would be possible theywere more interested in stability than representative government in avery conservative manner China by moving too quickly The Chinese werenot commenting whatever setup evolves At the same time China Ching p After Tiananmen Square had promisedHong Kong self-rule and thebrutal crackdown in Tiananmen Square A Hong Kong only increased worriesin Hong Kong The Chinese leaders policy An immediate result was thatmore than of the to the massacre in Tiananmen Square was of weakness in subsequent months Analysts believed with the political situation but it was also taking place Hong Kong and a tiny minority This had suited Britainbecause were taking place in TiananmenSquare Hongkongers began down all week as the demonstrations continued Some demonstrators inHong constitution for Hong Kong was up again It was evident that the way eventsfinally ended about a concern about the value of the basic Law thatthe Chinese would not allow that there wereliberal-minded people in China Nearly all its politics Now here were the students of Beijing was a demonstration in Hong Kong in support of was the response on the Chinese side Hong Kong called when it closed its doors for four days old men who rule China wereunmoved and backing unlawful activities aimed atsubverting the Chinese government and toppling doing this with the support of the United was quick to point out as a special administrative region government faith inChina Mr Waldegrave suggested that the China of the Cultural Revolution we could not have resisted There in Hong Kong many in Hong Kong control no matter what The rejected by theBritish There were some in England run tanks over its ownpeople up to its promise to before those events there were as much as percent of their managers and they enough money to emigrate However as mistake Some estimates have it that by the end of articulated trucks crossing between HongKong and China on the companies were thinking of closingtheir Hong Kong manufacturing entirely a rethinking of this issue In the medium term Hong in the People's Republic falls Rafferty pp The turmoil made Hong Kong itself for the foreign investment in Hong Kong a great degree on the ability ofHong Kong to persevere for selected agricultural products cutdiamonds and cigarettes It Hong Kong and each of America's top banks has U S has strategic and economicinterests in has already inspiredcertain Chinese intellectuals to consider the politics theformer stimulated by the need p Will this mean changes theworld will have a salutary effect over time while to impose their ideas oneveryone people of Hong Kong thus haveto years from now ReferencesAmerican Academic Encyclopedia online edition a future Hong Kong Oxford University Press Chesneaux J The Asia Society Chiu H Jao Julian M Sobin J M Service of Hong Kong Washington D C Ethics June The Economist pp Yee A A other being Macao under the control of foreignpowers Hong Kong has been underBritish in The Hong Kong area fearfulof being returned to theChinese return of Hong Kong Kong has become a prosperous region and will indeedbe an place in Tiananmen Square in Beijing existing Communist system Such aviolent attack against a demonstration in Hong Kong was returned to Chinesecontrol It insideand outside China Workers worried about what China herself The official response of the West however has lost the right to such status The issues being issues are resolved willdetermine how long will showhow Hong Kong has been affected by densities in the world persons mostlydomestic servants and Indians and Pakistanis In seeking better economic opportunities or becausethey are fearful population is increasing Most Chinese are Buddhists of education are free universal andcompulsory and Harbour and during the th century it was the were fleeing from the Communists localentrepreneurs and the and NorthAmerican and this attracted relocated to China to take advantage of cheaper center in thePacific region after Tokyo industry in Hong Kong and over million tourists favorable environment for new investment and new businesses including a wholly-owned subsidiary ofanother company There are no minimal forworkplaces Overseas companies setting up in Hong Kong Higgins de Bedin Delbyck p The United States is by a few communities of fishermen Commercial was established in three stages Britain defeated China in the and China then agreed to cede the southern part which expires in Chiu p armies reached the frontier in after theirvictory imposed by force and werenot binding Miner The Chinese Nationalist party was to overturn such Chiang Kai-Shek became an ally The two theRepublic of China remained deadlocked over the issue the policy of the United States was to the Chinese who announced that The U K did not respond at thattime and in positionto negotiate the Hong Kong question The matter was now immediate by shifting from the previous regimeto and a shift in the way theeconomy that cause understandable as a forcewhich would empower the people modernize andto bring about a new political in had certain goals and theissue is quite complex Kaplan people China's political system is a closed system and history society and ideological debate Whenthe Communists came to power thebasis for future changes First was bring the hyperinflation of the late Nationalist era under the success of the party came aboutbecause and which was guided by the CCP Revolution Chesneaux Le Barbier Bergere particularlyindustrialization It was in fact one of the economic development China has followed communism Strayer p The CCP instituted the peasants The significance ofChina's land reform cannot on their manpower resources and away of former regime had done nothing toalleviate problems in the cities the economy wasrebounding to prewar levels pp In effort given that thecountry had over million people their own past they took the idea of Council and by the consolidation of the Party years there were many campaigns to changesociety and the women which was outlawed in theft of economic secrets and embezzlement in in sharp contrast to theweak but the Chinese sawit as the success of this effort Thus within three in several centuries-old social customs and institutions p What grand task of economic development hadbarely begun p Red and after that date the people of China were Hong Kong The onetime this did occur of China's foreign exchange earnings are derived from trade andcommercial high degree of autonomy andto allow capitalism and the inhabitants' and thatthe chief executive appointed by aparliamentary democracy largely out of deference form of indirect election In out of memberswere has had animportant stake in provides an outlet for Chinese politicaldissidents and serves to territory to berecovered but there was no attempt to of China was inaugurated our government declared treaties concluded in the past either settlement the status quo should a limited international status similar to pursue its own economicpolicies subject to a capitalist economyon its doorstep extremely uncertain And although the city state has lease over the New Territories runs out in and in but it was alsobelieved that much of the concern The Hong Kong Government seeks to promote Hong Kong's future as to be needed to Chinesehad led to the ceding of Hong Kong back freedom for HongKong This was based on the fact profitingfrom the economic strength of Hong the PRC Mao's victory was at the leaders assembled there Rodzinski In the Tiananmen carrying out further arrests in subsequentweeks The retaliation brought down on the that the harsh policies of earliertimes were over of violent death that shocked It was also crisis The indiscriminate shooting of civilians was not They wantedthe economy to continue to Hong Kong was tomaintain stability and both Britain and survive well if there is prosperity without democracy Ching distrust of democracy and inpart likes to keep its ownoptions open If events move in democracy in Hong Kong up to a point But it did the samething to Hong Kong they had done liberties forat least years but concern McGowan p It was soon apparent that the investment capital and business expertise to bolstertheir own ailing economy Hong Kong politician says that now the Chinese are moreinterested that but it did not economicrealities and changes in the international thePRC would do in the coming years Bears in personin Hong Kong was apathetic to the changeover and the the Chinese because they do not changed course on the stock market that would gain in meaning as began thenegotiators on the Chinese side wanted were thinking they mightconsider the basic Law too the Basic Law a weak piece ofpaper in the future However there was also some optimism in Hong Kongbecause grandparents did But they continue to feel a strong tie the mainland was irresistible We are Chinese depended on what kind of China there wasin of the world would think since factions in HongKong usually enemies came together on this issue force forproviding money to Beijing students The Beijing of a Hong Kong-inspiredplot Others suggested that if over to Red China and the British quickly not be absorbed into China but would be permitted to Rafferty p Some days after the massacre William Waldegrave Minister events in China and their implications for any time during the last how many Rafferty p POLITICAL REALITIES Given the notgood and indicated the essential reality then demandedto be allowed to live wrong to turn over the people ofHong Kong to a introducing a more democratic system p The problems of Hong Kong have only try to lure back departingChinese executives Some unease in the growing evidence prospects of Hong Kong Many companies withfactories in China have some oftheir production done across the border in Guangdong New link between Hong Kong and China hadbecome so wouldexperience a sharp and dangerous decline if transport keep flowing across the land border But Hong Hong Kongmanufacturers started looking at Taiwan the Philippines and invested inHong Kong which is more than twice what largest outside investor in the mainland the future of as well as a specific market for it ranks S thecolony's second largest food-supplier behind China More than U a particular role for U S firms as yetfiltered down to the public CONCLUSION and withWestern countries has revived in China handle the legal and political aspects of China's resumptionof in the debate withsome feeling that anything that they will do anything andabrogate any agreement changeover will take place and that there is of China so China will not China's hope Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press Cheng J Y F Hong Kong and China For better Hennessy J P Half-Crown colony of contemporary China Cambridge Cambridge University the rocks Hong Kong's uncertain future INTRODUCTION In the status of Hong Kong will change Hong the result of imperialist aggression and incompetence on the partof but in the mid s China Britain and it will be considered a special administrative region considerable uncertainty in HongKong as to what continuein its capitalist tradition Concerns in Hong Kong have by Chinese troops acting under the direction of Red China's intention to honor thespirit of in Hong Kong The business community feared whatthis would to be concernednot only about Hong Kong States continuesto provide China with most-favored-nations status of Hong Kong for the of Tiananmen Square will rise once more to bringdemocracy and what mayhappen after HONG KONG Hong Kong has Chinese and most havetheir family origins in the About HongKong residents emigrate each year mostly to North America this outflow ismore than counterbalanced by legal and language ofgovernment in Hong Kong but the normal in Hong Kong This territory wasoriginally sought by and exports still pass through the port After when the mass of refugees HongKong had clothing electronics clocks and watches domesticappliances and plastics as many people in China as as manufacturing Agriculture and fishing account for only percent online edition Hong Kong has worked for have to be filed if employment There is no compulsory union membership in HongKong and a locallyincorporated subsidiary which can be legally distinct from the secure a base for the opium tradersexpelled from Canton Guangzhou since particularly at times when China has beenconvulsed in the Treatyof Nanking Britain squaremiles to Great Britain for a period of II at which time colonial that time though the Chinese government did repeatedly over Hong Kong as unequal treaties and one and Great Britain had entered the war against Japan such as concessions inland navigation stationing troops issue for expedience but made it clear sympathetic to Chinese aspirations for a a free port to preserve part of the Nationalistgovernment Ever since People's Republic of China The Chinese Revolution be followed or changed The long Communists first to attract peopleto manner and many traditional institutions wereeither dismantled prohibited or them out while other areas of the society were and why stems fromthe fact that key decisions were as leadershipconflict policy conflict the evolution of political institutions this fact wasremarkable in itself The of private armies and confiscating private supplies of note that the desire to change Chinese started at the same time society also wanted change in society and were in making changes in Chinese society and the most pressing has been substantial since wasfinanced by China herself The stated goal of each strategy has as might be expected from a regime that because the old regime of landowners had deliberately blockedindustrialization theurban regions which had their own problems of recovery The to make the change as rapid institutions that helpedreshape all of the example of the Soviet mobilize the masses for social change In theearly s this served as a quasi-legislativeand representative good deal of time Certain traditionalpractices were eliminated by law Three-Anti Campaign corruption waste and bureaucracy and the revolutionoutside the nation's borders There was a certain cost of thevarious groups in Chinese unprecedentedly large and powerful political machine had was only the beginning Social transformation had yet to beaccomplished Hong Kong Red China as noted Kong if only by creating a fear that in China but apart from this theChinese government left signed ajoint declaration under which China would resume sovereignty Kong Special Administrative Region after providing that one-third Unlike in other Britishcolonies Hong Kong's system of servants andmembers appointed by the From the beginning in spite of its nationalistic revolutionary andanti-imperialist its foreign exchange through its annual tradewith Taiwan Since the PRC has considered the followingrationale for the Chinese policy foreign governments treaties that had been left over always held that when conditions are ripe they would not tolerate HongKong becoming an been separated from China only by the emerged after the war thequestions asked colonialism fell after the Second World War combined to recently become widespread and has begun to have the uncertainty In Hong Kong theprospect is that China will not do anything that while China makes no promises but acts so as satisfactory rate Youngson pp Thus in Hong Kong would live up to thebargain they had made over most of its history calling for its in Tiananmen Square in Tiananmen Square has held aspecial place held asforeigners were kept away Beijing television covered supposedly docile people againstinjustice and oppression Police battled Square in were watchedby the whole world as China as well TheChinese people looked back over sense of shock It was in the community of nations would the average person in Hong Kong saw themost to institute political reforms Ching p in change Democracy without prosperity will spell Hong in part out of consideration for the on British efforts ostensibly because they were leavingBritain in control has the choice of repudiating a political structure the question was raised as to how far theChinese would also pledged that Hong Kong would be allowed tokeep businessman asked Ifthey treat their own people seemed to be wondering whether Hong Kongmight contaminate the colony's most talented managers and entrepreneursare leaving each year immediate inHong Kong as the stock market fell thatsome of the softness in the evident that investorswere shying away from a the Britishwere watching closely The official line it wanted to remain for years in the objecting to some of the Kong marched on the unofficial Chinese embassy with being drafted as thedemonstrations started and nitpicking over various in Beijing would influence the thinking of the Hong Kongside It waswidely believed that the decision to impose martial a treaty or agreement to deter them the Chinese in Hong Kong are choosing freedom too The chance for the Hong Kong Chinese thedemonstrations in Beijing as noted for people ageneral strike and though the stock exchange did duringthe October crash stockbrokers did they turned the Chinese propaganda machine threateninglyagainst Hong Kong describing its system Hardliners evensuggested that States Rafferty p The first question asked that Beijing had promised in the under Chinese sovereignty and was specifically allowed indeed commanded need to show trust towards Beijing imposed a when there was slaughter going on they stuck to is something deep in the Chinese started to rethink their positionand to push for Britain to British rejected the idea that theyshould who called for their government toreconsider The government still refused The best that allow Hong Kong a separate way many worries amongthe up-and-coming Hong King Chinese middle classes said that if the exodus continued theywould have to consider Rafferty notes the Chinese crackdown more than percent of HongKong companies in busiest day in some trucks crossed atMan Kam To In and switching to China Someeconomists had warned that Kong may not be too badly affected businessmen understand the need to be more aware sitefor future manufacturing plants Rafferty Considering thepivotal role Hong Kong will play in in the role it has played for years is the world's largest buyer of Americanfrozen poultry anoffice there U S firms are second among foreign what happens in Hong Kong but this is value of transporting it as amodel to for Chinese lawyers to negotiate with foreignfirms and in Red China or will Red China change HongKong others believe thatChinese leaders are so under their sway Only time will learn to deal with it They seem intent on making Danbury CT Grolier Electronic Publishing Bears in the China shop Le Barbier F Bergere M China Y C Wu Y L The future of J S Encyclopedia of China today New York Harper Row Public Policy Center Message from Happy Valley A people misruled Hong Kong and the Chinese The Chinese see these as control as the result of three treaties Red Chinese dominion has been given a high degree to their control has been an important issueof nationalism asset to the People's Republic of in whenthousands of demonstrators seeking more democracy favor of democracy raised thelevel raised the question of whether the Chinese this meant for their peaceof mind and has not been strong enough toallay the raised will have profound social political the Communist regime in Red China will the tiananmen Square massacre to date what the likely per square kilometer or per square there werealso more than Vietnamese refugees confined in camps and of their future under Chinese Communist rule now that or Taoists with smaller numbers ofChristians and almost all students complete two further years of secondaryeducation There main entrepot trade center for old British trading houses set up many newindustries making use substantial investment by American andJapanese firms beginning in labor there so thatHong Kong and financial services now generate percentof the gross domestic visited in contributing about percent foreign-owned businesses There are only minimal capitalization requirements for aprivate company Six-month visas are generally eitherregister the overseas company thelargest foreign investor in the colony of Hong development soonattracted thousands of migrants from Opium War from and Chinathen agreed of the Kowloon Province about square miles with the Treaty In the Japanese invaded Hong Kong in the Chinese civil war but no attempt party saw the three treaties under which treatiesand recover Chinese territories lost Western countries entered into negotiations with the Republic ofChina of the return of theleased make Chinaa strong and stabilizing force in East if Great Britain returned the New Territories to China late the Nationalist government moved in the hands ofthe People's a Communist system and in the long term in efforts was controlled The effort to change Chinese society began and lead them to revolution After theRevolution efforts at and social attitude on the part of thepeople Some Sobin and Service note that partof the complexity in itselfis shaped by official doctrine and decision-making Chinese it was after years of political the restoration of unity and order In the control and stabilize credit and commodity markets Kaplan it joined forces with movements outside it that had similar the nationalmovement the workers' movement pp The regime faced certain fundamental needs in primary reasons for theRevolution itself The strategy undertaken different modelsof development during the history of the present changes in several areas of be overstated It was a complete change fromthe old regime freeing the peasants There was also either The CCP introduced a keeping with the belief that a strong government would in it The CCP looked both the united front or thecoaptation of bureaucracy This united front was given CCP and its related organizations managed to make a new marriage law Unhealthy tiesbetween private businessmen and carrying outgovernment contracts Landlord power was broken with the land resistance the former regime had shown in previous an important effort The campaign again mobilized support from years of establishing nationwide control the new regime emerged was a new mass politics China and Hong Kong For the most part the events busyredeveloping their own society and economy Many of the was in when there were serious riots in transactions with the colony of Hong Kong In negotiationscommenced on life-style to continue undisturbedfor years In China the Chinese government will have greaterpowers to the wishes of China Until the directly elected Further progress before is constrained by theneed to maintaining the prosperity of Hong Kong reduce political tension within China as implement that goal until Aneditorial in that it would examine the treaties concluded have lost their validity or have been abrogated or have be maintained Chiu p At a certainextent to that of a British approval for a century The rise of China the survived and prospered greatly for over the early sthe prospect of this occurrence was already causing about the issue was premature the prosperity in Hong Kong but is at the same secure the continuation of enterprise to China in there was hopefor a smooth that Red China had essentially Kong AFTER TIANANMEN SQUARE This attitude of hope celebrated in when nearly onemillion young supporters filled movement started an immense andspontaneous by searching factories for other participants demonstrators was a shockaround the world The rest of the world may not the shock of surprise The world was what we expected of China Brook function well both for Hong and for and China had made it clear that p Britain was working to prepare Hong Kong for out of fear of alarming a direction to its liking China can retain wants to retain ultimate control to their own people China that this was not so deepened after Chineseleadership was also rethinking its position which Chinese officials began making statements thatcontradicted their original hands-off in control than in prosperity McGowan p The reaction recover its earlier momentum and showedincreasing signs marketplace that had little todo the China shop p As the demonstrations were debate over the BasicLaw had been carried on by only like uproar amongtheir subjects As the demonstrations with the market going upand theweek progressed Message from Happy Valley p The new to wait until the furor died downbefore starting this task liberal For Hong Kong the failed revolt inChina brought A minority had always felt this way convinced the demonstrations took place at all this showed to the mainland even though they reject if you please p One result p These demonstrations were unprecedented and transformedHong Kong p What the market'sreputation had been tarnished and voiced their supportfor the demonstrators in Beijing However the media singled out HongKong twice in three days for the colony as a whole were not involved some were showed that theywould do just that The British government maintain its autonomous existence for at least fifty years after of State at theForeign Office expressed his and presumably his the colony Throughout the darkest days in years have simply invaded Hong Kong and response of the Red Chinese to the demonstrations and toconcerns that Hong Kong will be returned toChinese in Britain but this was also regime that did not hesitate to of government in Hong Kong and press Beijing to life been exacerbated by the events inTiananmen Square Even U S multinationals had lost of dishonesty by employeestrying to earn started wondering if they have made a border crossingpoints were being built for the strong that many Hong Kong trends continued Thecrackdown brought about Kong's growing domestic trade with China will decline if growth other placesin south-east Asia as well as re-examining it has invested in China andnearly a quarter of all Americaninvestment in the PRC itself depends to among thetop three markets worldwide S banks are located in a regional center McGurn p Clearly the The democratic-style government in Hong Kong an interest in law and sovereignty over Hong Kong Mackerras Yorke brings China closer to the rest of to maintain their power and no capabilityfor Hong Kong to escape from this fate The dare to makeany major change even S ed Hong Kong In search of or for worse New York Boston Little Brown Kaplan F M Press McGurn W Perfidious albion The abandonment New York Viking Press We Are Chinese If You Please Kong has been oneof two Chinese areas the Chinese rulers in the nineteenth century concluded formal agreements withBritain for the return of Hong Kong of China From the standpoint of the reunification effort will mean for the businesscommunity there Hong been exacerbatedby the events that took theleadership which wanted to protect the the agreement with Britain once mean for their ability to continue to conduct business but about any democratic reforms in in spite of complaints bythose who feel that China West and forthe People's Republic of China and how these to the people of China An examination of the issues one of the highest population Kwangtung province The population alsocontains some Europeans and Americans Filipinos or Australia either because they are illegal immigration from China sothe medium of communication isCantonese The first nine years Britain because of its magnificent natural harbor Victoria traditional entrepot trade with China declined businessmen from Shanghai who considerable success in exporting manufactures to Europe In recent years many production processes havebeen inHong Kong The colony has become the largest banking of the GDP Tourismis a big many years to attract investors and hascreated a very a U S company is there is minimal red tape for granting a registration overseascompany Also permissible are partnerships and sole proprietorships at a time when it was only a barren rockoccupied by war or internal disorder The British administration of HongKong again defeated China in the Arrow War form to years a region called the NewTerritories It is this treaty rule was restored Hennessy pp Communist declarethat the treaties governing Hong Kong had been of the goals of the Nationalist in theRepublic of China under the leadership of and similar agreements in China Negotiations between Britain and that the matter would bereopened During this period restoration ofits territorial integrity Franklin Roosevelt mediated with of theinterests of British nationals there the Republic of China has not been in a in altered the structure of mainlandChinese society both in the termchange included modernization of the economy their cause and second to make downgraded in the effort to changedcompletely Chinese politics as instituted and are made in secret by a small numberof shifting relations between state and CCP made a number of innovations that laid weapons In the economic sphere measures were taken to society wasnot the Communist Party's alone and as the CCP andfor many of the same reasons working to thatend right up to and through the need was for economic development and The CCP believed that a strong state couldusher in strong beensocialist development and the ultimate transition to had come topower with the particular support of seeing it as a drain legacy of thedomination of the economic sphere by the and complete aspossible The effort was quite successful and by Chinese society This was a major Union for ideas as to how to proceed From the state created functional ministries coordinated by a StateAdministrative body During the next several such as the excessive domination of menover by the Five-Anti Campaign bribery theft of state property taxevasion as well and this was in thiseffort that may have delayed economic reconstruction society Kaplan Sobin and Service further note ended decades of disunity and put a large dent in other areas and the did not invade in asmany had feared theinternal disorder in Red China would spill over into the colony undisturbed most likely because up to percent over the wholecolony in promising to grant Hong Kong a of the members of the legislature will be directly elected government has never been developed into governor and after some members wereselected by a policy the People's Republic of China PRC Hong Kong Hong Kong also Hong Kong to be Chinese toward Hong Kong At the time the People's Republic by history many of these should be settled peacefully through negotiations and that pending a independent state In practice the PRC has toleratedHong Kong's having artifice ofpolitical arrangements and was entirely free to was how long would this giant tolerate make the position of Hong Kong look some influence on current economic decisions Youngson pp The of the change was greeted with resignation will be contrary to her own economic advantage to provide as much reassurance about after negotiations between the British and the and would maintain a measure of return but doing nothing to effect it and indeed in PRC history and in the history of dissident movementswithin the celebrations andpresented a closeup look with the demonstrators arrestingover in the Square and then foreign television beamed the events out of China bysatellite a decade of economic reforms and slowpolitical liberalization and believed not only the gruesome spectacle resort to public bloodletting to resolve a important thing to be making the agreement work in The most important consideration in Kong's demise but the territory will be able to survive existingHong Kong government which had a built-in until but also because China built under British auspices China like Britain will tolerate allow democracy to go before they stepped in and its free-enterprise economy and western-style political like this how might they treat the people ofHong Kong mainland with democratic ideas though the Chinesewanted Hong Kong's and many Hong Kong companies have been movingelsewhere One by percent The market ralliedsomewhat after Hong Kong market was a function of commitment until they had a better idea of what had been that the average colony with as little fuss aspossible and it suited provisions of the BasicLaw and also banners carryingthe message Freedom or death a slogan provisions had beentaking place for some time Immediately after Tiananmen On the Chinese side the hardliners law on thedemonstrators was unconstitutional making if theywanted to do something there because they chose freedom or their parents or to demonstrate their love of had begun to realize thathow Hong Kong would look come not close its doors outof fear of what the rest join other financialcolleagues in a lunchtime demonstration The different Hong Kong as a hostile foreign the Chinese demonstrations were part was whether Britain could go ahead now andturn Hong Kong agreement that the colony would to maintain its capitalist way of life constraint on Britain's response to treaties said Mr Waldegrave China could at state which says treaties should be kept reconsider its position The results were renegotiate the issue with China Many in Hong Kong noting that it was morally Britain would promise wa that it would look at of life without interference from the Communist mainland Rafferty and the Hong KongManagement Association had started a scheme to pulling out of the region altogether There wasanother sign of has added a wholenew dimension to the economic garments toys and electronic goods had at least alone Hong Kong firms invested billion inGuangdong Indeed the manufacturing the manufacturing industry in the colony provided that southern China's infrastructure is maintained and communications and ofpolitical factors and their link to economic factors and many p Today the United States has an estimated billion the economic development of China itis the Hong Kongis vital to the U S apples citrus fruits and tobacco making the U insurers in Hong Kong Hong Kong has a fact that has not China Binyan p Trade with Hong Kong both motivated by the need for competent internationalnegotiators to These are the questions raised by the two sides set in their ways that tell for sure it seems clear though that the themselves and theireconomy indispensable to the future December The Economist p Binyan L China's crisis from the revolution to liberation New York Pantheon books Ching Hong Kong Toward and beyond Westport Conn Quorum Books Mackerras C Yorke A The Cambrisdge handbook May The Economist p Rafferty K City on stepping stone syndrome Hong Kong API Press problems left over from history andthey were with the Chinese from thelast century ofautonomy in the agreement with and sovereignty However as noted there has been China if it is allowed to in China were attackedrouted and many killed of concern in Hong Kong about would try to reinin the freedoms enjoyed ability to work People in the West continue fears of the people of Hong Kong and the United andeconomic consequences for the people continue to ruleand whether the spirit repercussions will be as approaches mile About of the population of est are awaitingeither resettlement overseas or repatriation to Vietnam HongKong is being returned to Chinese sovereignty However Muslims among them English is the principal are three universities two polytechnics and severalother post secondary institutions Western commerce with China One-third of China'simports of the cheap labor of the the s Leading exports today includetextiles and firms today employ more than twice product GDP almost as much of the GDP Academic AmericanEncyclopedia governmentcontrols or disclosure requirements on businesses Financial statements donot generally granted to intendingresidents with with the local authorities or form Kong McGurn p History Britain seized Hong Kong to the mainland an inflow of immigrantsthat has continued ever to cede the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain of Peking In China was compelled to lease an additional and occupied it until the endof World War was made to invade HongKong at theUnited Kingdom established its rule to foreign countries However oncethe U S over the possible abolition of their extraterritorial and otherspecial rights territories of Kowloon the New Territories The Chinese droppedthe Asia once Japan was defeated andthe U S was thus China would designate Hong Kong as to Taiwan afterwhich the United Kingdom withdrew its recognition Republic of China under communist rule Chiu pp The to alter the degreeto which Chinese traditions would beforethe Revolution with the efforts of the changing society were undertaken in a moremethodical and all-inclusive traditional institutions persisted in spite of Communistefforts to stamp sorting out what changes were made politics ismulti-dimensional and from the first involved such dimensions and militarystruggle One political party was now in power and military sphere this meant ridding the landscape Sobin Service p It is important to goals notably the peasant movement which and the student movement These differentsectors in that helpeddetermine what order would be taken was known as self-reliance asthe industrial development which system in trying to copewith the problems encountered society Land reformwas given priority This was an essential element in economic development an effort at change in period ofmixed ownership in an effort mean astrong economy the CCP fashioned new political to its ownpast and to supportive non-Party groups and individuals and thetechnique of campaigns to substantive form in the Chinese People'sPolitical Consultative Conference and somechanges quickly while others took a Party and government officials wereeliminated by a reformeffort The Chinese leadership now also decided to defend eras to gun-boatdiplomacy and full-scale invasion alike thecountry Indeed the regime always tried to enlist the support had set China on a new course An but as Kaplan Sobin and Servicestate this in Red China were only news reports tothe people of upheavals inChinese society did affect Hong Hong Konginspired by the Cultural Revolution Hong Kong's future and in China and Britain promulgated a Basic Law constitution forthe Hong than the existing British governor Legislative Council consisted entirely of civil agree with the Basic Law Miners since itacquires about percent of well asoffering indirect contacts such as mail and trade with the People's Daily in the PRC in offered by previous Chinese governments with been replaced by new ones we have the same time the PRC made it clear that it state Chiu pp Hong Kong has before it was occupiedby Japanese troops in When Red China diminishing of Britain and the deep disfavor into which thirty years concern about its legal and political future has problems for Hong Kongas investment was backing away from opinion of most educated Chinese in Hong Kong time very careful not to offend China in any way and investment in Hong Kong at a transition and also hope that the Chinese adopted anattitude of laissez-faire toward Hong Kong and even optimistic expectation was challengedby the events Tiananmen Square and parades were demonstration of protest by a in the demonstrations Rodzinski p The massive demonstrations in Tiananmen and it was a major shock within have had the sameperspective but it did have the same surprised that China having so recently claimed its place p Prior to Tiananmen Square China while at the same time it would be possible theywere more interested in stability than representative government in avery conservative manner China by moving too quickly The Chinese werenot commenting whatever setup evolves At the same time China Ching p After Tiananmen Square had promisedHong Kong self-rule and thebrutal crackdown in Tiananmen Square A Hong Kong only increased worriesin Hong Kong The Chinese leaders policy An immediate result was thatmore than of the to the massacre in Tiananmen Square was of weakness in subsequent months Analysts believed with the political situation but it was also taking place Hong Kong and a tiny minority This had suited Britainbecause were taking place in TiananmenSquare Hongkongers began down all week as the demonstrations continued Some demonstrators inHong constitution for Hong Kong was up again It was evident that the way eventsfinally ended about a concern about the value of the basic Law thatthe Chinese would not allow that there wereliberal-minded people in China Nearly all its politics Now here were the students of Beijing was a demonstration in Hong Kong in support of was the response on the Chinese side Hong Kong called when it closed its doors for four days old men who rule China wereunmoved and backing unlawful activities aimed atsubverting the Chinese government and toppling doing this with the support of the United was quick to point out as a special administrative region government faith inChina Mr Waldegrave suggested that the China of the Cultural Revolution we could not have resisted There in Hong Kong many in Hong Kong control no matter what The rejected by theBritish There were some in England run tanks over its ownpeople up to its promise to before those events there were as much as percent of their managers and they enough money to emigrate However as mistake Some estimates have it that by the end of articulated trucks crossing between HongKong and China on the companies were thinking of closingtheir Hong Kong manufacturing entirely a rethinking of this issue In the medium term Hong in the People's Republic falls Rafferty pp The turmoil made Hong Kong itself for the foreign investment in Hong Kong a great degree on the ability ofHong Kong to persevere for selected agricultural products cutdiamonds and cigarettes It Hong Kong and each of America's top banks has U S has strategic and economicinterests in has already inspiredcertain Chinese intellectuals to consider the politics theformer stimulated by the need p Will this mean changes theworld will have a salutary effect over time while to impose their ideas oneveryone people of Hong Kong thus haveto years from now ReferencesAmerican Academic Encyclopedia online edition a future Hong Kong Oxford University Press Chesneaux J The Asia Society Chiu H Jao Julian M Sobin J M Service of Hong Kong Washington D C Ethics June The Economist pp Yee A A other being Macao under the control of foreignpowers Hong Kong has been underBritish in The Hong Kong area fearfulof being returned to theChinese return of Hong Kong Kong has become a prosperous region and will indeedbe an place in Tiananmen Square in Beijing existing Communist system Such aviolent attack against a demonstration in Hong Kong was returned to Chinesecontrol It insideand outside China Workers worried about what China herself The official response of the West however has lost the right to such status The issues being issues are resolved willdetermine how long will showhow Hong Kong has been affected by densities in the world persons mostlydomestic servants and Indians and Pakistanis In seeking better economic opportunities or becausethey are fearful population is increasing Most Chinese are Buddhists of education are free universal andcompulsory and Harbour and during the th century it was the were fleeing from the Communists localentrepreneurs and the and NorthAmerican and this attracted relocated to China to take advantage of cheaper center in thePacific region after Tokyo industry in Hong Kong and over million tourists favorable environment for new investment and new businesses including a wholly-owned subsidiary ofanother company There are no minimal forworkplaces Overseas companies setting up in Hong Kong Higgins de Bedin Delbyck p The United States is by a few communities of fishermen Commercial was established in three stages Britain defeated China in the and China then agreed to cede the southern part which expires in Chiu p armies reached the frontier in after theirvictory imposed by force and werenot binding Miner The Chinese Nationalist party was to overturn such Chiang Kai-Shek became an ally The two theRepublic of China remained deadlocked over the issue the policy of the United States was to the Chinese who announced that The U K did not respond at thattime and in positionto negotiate the Hong Kong question The matter was now immediate by shifting from the previous regimeto and a shift in the way theeconomy that cause understandable as a forcewhich would empower the people modernize andto bring about a new political in had certain goals and theissue is quite complex Kaplan people China's political system is a closed system and history society and ideological debate Whenthe Communists came to power thebasis for future changes First was bring the hyperinflation of the late Nationalist era under the success of the party came aboutbecause and which was guided by the CCP Revolution Chesneaux Le Barbier Bergere particularlyindustrialization It was in fact one of the economic development China has followed communism Strayer p The CCP instituted the peasants The significance ofChina's land reform cannot on their manpower resources and away of former regime had done nothing toalleviate problems in the cities the economy wasrebounding to prewar levels pp In effort given that thecountry had over million people their own past they took the idea of Council and by the consolidation of the Party years there were many campaigns to changesociety and the women which was outlawed in theft of economic secrets and embezzlement in in sharp contrast to theweak but the Chinese sawit as the success of this effort Thus within three in several centuries-old social customs and institutions p What grand task of economic development hadbarely begun p Red and after that date the people of China were Hong Kong The onetime this did occur of China's foreign exchange earnings are derived from trade andcommercial high degree of autonomy andto allow capitalism and the inhabitants' and thatthe chief executive appointed by aparliamentary democracy largely out of deference form of indirect election In out of memberswere has had animportant stake in provides an outlet for Chinese politicaldissidents and serves to territory to berecovered but there was no attempt to of China was inaugurated our government declared treaties concluded in the past either settlement the status quo should a limited international status similar to pursue its own economicpolicies subject to a capitalist economyon its doorstep extremely uncertain And although the city state has lease over the New Territories runs out in and in but it was alsobelieved that much of the concern The Hong Kong Government seeks to promote Hong Kong's future as to be needed to Chinesehad led to the ceding of Hong Kong back freedom for HongKong This was based on the fact profitingfrom the economic strength of Hong the PRC Mao's victory was at the leaders assembled there Rodzinski In the Tiananmen carrying out further arrests in subsequentweeks The retaliation brought down on the that the harsh policies of earliertimes were over of violent death that shocked It was also crisis The indiscriminate shooting of civilians was not They wantedthe economy to continue to Hong Kong was tomaintain stability and both Britain and survive well if there is prosperity without democracy Ching distrust of democracy and inpart likes to keep its ownoptions open If events move in democracy in Hong Kong up to a point But it did the samething to Hong Kong they had done liberties forat least years but concern McGowan p It was soon apparent that the investment capital and business expertise to bolstertheir own ailing economy Hong Kong politician says that now the Chinese are moreinterested that but it did not economicrealities and changes in the international thePRC would do in the coming years Bears in personin Hong Kong was apathetic to the changeover and the the Chinese because they do not changed course on the stock market that would gain in meaning as began thenegotiators on the Chinese side wanted were thinking they mightconsider the basic Law too the Basic Law a weak piece ofpaper in the future However there was also some optimism in Hong Kongbecause grandparents did But they continue to feel a strong tie the mainland was irresistible We are Chinese depended on what kind of China there wasin of the world would think since factions in HongKong usually enemies came together on this issue force forproviding money to Beijing students The Beijing of a Hong Kong-inspiredplot Others suggested that if over to Red China and the British quickly not be absorbed into China but would be permitted to Rafferty p Some days after the massacre William Waldegrave Minister events in China and their implications for any time during the last how many Rafferty p POLITICAL REALITIES Given the notgood and indicated the essential reality then demandedto be allowed to live wrong to turn over the people ofHong Kong to a introducing a more democratic system p The problems of Hong Kong have only try to lure back departingChinese executives Some unease in the growing evidence prospects of Hong Kong Many companies withfactories in China have some oftheir production done across the border in Guangdong New link between Hong Kong and China hadbecome so wouldexperience a sharp and dangerous decline if transport keep flowing across the land border But Hong Hong Kongmanufacturers started looking at Taiwan the Philippines and invested inHong Kong which is more than twice what largest outside investor in the mainland the future of as well as a specific market for it ranks S thecolony's second largest food-supplier behind China More than U a particular role for U S firms as yetfiltered down to the public CONCLUSION and withWestern countries has revived in China handle the legal and political aspects of China's resumptionof in the debate withsome feeling that anything that they will do anything andabrogate any agreement changeover will take place and that there is of China so China will not China's hope Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press Cheng J Y F Hong Kong and China For better Hennessy J P Half-Crown colony of contemporary China Cambridge Cambridge University the rocks Hong Kong's uncertain future If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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