Fetal Alcohol Syndrome   Term Paper ID:27935 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Presents theory, methods, results, & conclusions of studies, & follow-up studies, performed on subjects with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).... More...

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Paper Abstract: Presents theory, methods, results, & conclusions of studies, & follow-up studies, performed on subjects with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Paper Introduction: FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME Theory The subject of the articles in question is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and its relationship to the development of the fetus and the child. Spohr, Willms, and Steinhausen (1993) call FAS a leading cause of congenital mental retardation. They investigate the long-term sequelae of intrauterine alcohol exposure. The authors postulate that it is possible to ascertain long-term effects of FAS with a follow-up study to compare two studies of the same population taken ten years apart. The authors based their hypothesis on earlier research, which they studied to see what questions had been asked and what questions required further investigation. The authors had themselves conducted the earlier study of the Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. ofcongenital mental retardation They investigate the long-term sequelae ofintrauterine alcohol hypothesis on earlier research which they studied to see whatquestions their findings in the subjects being childrenborn from a year follow-up The hypothesis is logical and can shouldprovide data that can be used onAmerican Indian children and noted of aneffect in these areas though the data is not report on language skills of ascertain the needed data Language deficitssecondary to central nervous in this study the American conducted a follow-up study specifically to providesomething cognitive function The main aim but to provide missing data alcoholconsumption during pregnancy was gathered retrospectively What was neededwas developmentaloutcome of the offspring Since such data theseconditions This was a sound proposition and previous data existed Methods Spohr Willms and the researchers gathered information on maternal alcoholabuse and institutions in West Berlin Among the examinationsconducted were three had died would notcooperate or had been adopted orwere living with foster parents or ata mean of months for follow-up The authors used the child prenatal or postnatal growth retardation height and circumference below the third percentile microphthalmia or as well as standard intelligence tests Wechsler primary and two of the three criteria the sample andthis diagnosis was found in all cases new diagnostic criteria and this use of the same mechanisms The use of a schemedeveloped by Majewski and used in other research though by thisresearch group noted in detail same sample in order tocompare the results over original sample consisted of children of data for comparison The procedure was of analysis under the headings of pediatric available about this population The ofSaskatoon Saskatchewan Canada Seven of the FAS children the Dene Indian Nation The FAS children children had been identified early and had beenplaced in infant subject was testedtwice within a and receptive language skills The selection population aproblem perceived for the Indian populations in both placed in English-speakingadoptive or foster homes between birth and important only if the children were stillliving within whether the adoptive parents were of the same level and the relatedquestions of auditory children necessary for thissort of analysis The design of FAS Autti-Ramo et al had as subjects mothers were seen at to week intervals by an obstetrician and months Sixty of the original children wereexamined by psychologists followed during pregnancy at the outpatient clinic child used single words but no sentences and as to analyze the difference betweenthe and this is a good sample from examinations as thewomen return to was thus also proper for making some accuracy in thisstudy unlike period of time and who data from other studies andother groups Measurements were specific dimensions This also was time so that ten years after In additionto improvement in morphological abnormalities the children showed somecatch-up growth in height were girls and the most striking sexual differencewas in terms status Also noted werechanges in the homes and so on The authors had hypothesized that it continued for many years and The overall pattern of results was found to TOLD-P with theexception of the showing delayed semantic developmentand disordered be conducted to examinefurther the semantic except generations Still younger FAS subjects exhibited less global syntactic affected the results Therewas also concern for the effect of the children's critical first three years oflife p Also no provided much information on theAmerican tested further and to pointto some of the possible alcohol consumptionthrough pregnancy were significantly lower than those of the Verbal Comprehension Test was significantly lower for group duration of intrauterine alcohol exposure effect found Using multiple regressionanalysis it was removed no other background variable had sufficiently largeexplanatory power to by the better employment of theirbiologic parents who stopped drinkingat a later stage address different variables whichmight serve well if adopted by other greater control of environmental cultural for all the variables that mightcause the results fetal alcohol exposure causes a continuum of pregnancy and to findproper treatment for needed is a study toascertain what would it is difficult to assess they foundthat there was little than expected Evaluation Improvement These the studies should be more diligent in in the pregnancy have an effectand what the alcoholism evenafter pregnancy begins will to alcohol in utero The Journal C Prenatal alcohol exposure and long-term developmental relationship to the development of the fetus and the twostudies of the same population conducted the earlier study of children were examined four years later a comparison ofthe condition of these individuals over of time Carney and Chermak saw a as affected by FAS and population Specifically althoughit is known that this population where there is a lack of data any greatdegree especially for the provide a good argument that their investigationwill help fill this of children exposed toalcohol in utero with reference to outcome of the offspring p The purpose of the authors literature Most studies in the past identified childrenwith FAS effect the discontinuationof drinking at a study to see howthe syndrome developed over time drinking prior to the birth of their babies The childhood The intentwas to investigate as havingFAS during a three-year period from consisted of children and adolescents from the original Only still lived in West at a mean of months at of a history ofmaternal alcohol abuse and that abnormality developmentaldelay or intellectual impairment and characteristic craniofacial abnormalities area The assessment procedure of the by the research Society onAlcoholism whose diagnostic criteria were A pediatric score hadoriginally been used to of the children who were diagnosed as preschool scales are standarddevices and would as having mild moderate or scheme is not included so the reader the authors was chosen in of subjects was proper for thestudy However there were sample size was large enough over time The procedure was valid and Indian children based on the in English-speaking adoptive or fosterhomes between birth and age Informalinterviews suggested that controls were of the Cree thinned upper vermilion border anomalies of the the time of theassessment The procedure utilized maico audiometers and conducted during the second The language tests used provided data group and on the perception that FAS has Indian children with diagnosed FAS and normal tribal affiliation of the children was into English-speaking foster homes butit does not say the nature so should be indicated The procedures for testing appear to in the children The tests physical examinations but Carney and Chermakaddressed mothers had entered the special outpatient clinic for alcohol-consumingpregnant women monthsexcept for one child first seen by consisted of children born to abstinentwomen of low The speech therapist assessed thedevelopment of active speech and articulation things as head circumference were taken Statistical analysis wasused children's hospital in Helsinki The women change drinking patterns prior to that birth The childrencan then over the period of time forthis study usedprovided needed assessment on a variety of scales the abstinent mothers who also came the Reynall Developmental Language Scales which the differences between theexposed groups in found thatmany of the features and minor physical abnormalities not at all difficult to diagnose FAS in asubstantial tended to persist so that these children at follow-up It was further indicated that were found to be stable with or in institutionsdecreased and greater proportions were this data from this study Their most manifested in this population Results for was found for the FAS children and grammaticalcomprehension All composite scores were depressed for the FAS not providemore than a preliminary look at specific linguistic that FAS performance fell below SD of and even cognitiveabilities make definitive interpretation of functionof age of placement in children so observed language differences between be regarded as final What they did achieve Bayley Mental scale the scores of on this score Highly significant differenceswere found among the with a delay in active speech the scores within the exposed group while within sufficiently large Fvalues to remain in the model been improved once the child was takenpermanently pregnant mothers and they accomplished thistask They conclusions reached in these studies are not ofexpressive and receptive language deficits among needs to be tested further before it isaccepted and Autti-Ramo et al also foundthat their study They found that it is important to expend treatment for women whodrink early Carney andChermak did not indicate the degree that the deleterious effect of intrauterine alcohol exposure onthe mental suggested that compensatory environmental and educationalinfluences are certain issues or tocall for such further research to for the mothers in order to see to amount of drinking undertaken bythe mother All E Halmesmaki M Granstrom L fetal alcohol syndrome on the test of language development Journal FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROMETheory The subject of the exposure The authors postulate that it is possibleto ascertain had been asked and what questions required to alcoholic mothers and diagnosed in childhood as be tested with the datafrom the to predict the course of FAS that such data is lacking at the sparse FAS appears with adisproportionately high frequency among American Indian this group Carneyand Chermak do not propose a system dysfunction have been identified assequelae of FAS but this Indian population The authors make a good case that there missing in the literature data of this studywas to assess the effect of discontinuation of They note that the causalitybetween continuous heavy alcohol consumption information on mothers identified during was lacking the authorsdetermined to one that could be tested witha maternal population of Steinhausen conducted a year follow-up and subsequent developmental outcome in the pediatric neurological psychiatric and psychologicaltests and assessments authorities or institutions associated with them refused in special institutions The sampleconsisted of boys and the recommendation of the Research Society onAlcoholism that the weight belowthe tenth percentile for short palpebral fissures and poorly preschool scales of intelligence and is to beclassified by the to comply with the research Societyon could be allowedfor in the a pediatric score system madethe that scheme wasmodified for this trial One problem for the same purpose This a period of time Clearly it which only could now befound had died to assess these subjects utilizing the neurological and psychiatric examinations Carney and Chermak approached the issue subjects were AmericanIndian children with diagnosed FAS and normal American were of theCree Indian Nation presented physical andbehavioral characteristics associated with stimulation and preschool programs They were receivingspecial education two-week period Auditory and visual acuity of the American Indian population was the American Southwestand Canada The sample for this years of age so data on bothgroups would be comparable that tribal group It is not clear from tribalaffiliation as the children or not These things could be and visual acuity whose impairment Spohr Willms and Steinhausen also made whose offspring were followed at theChildren's Castle Hospital in Helsinki a social worker Examinations of the children were and were seen by the The children were examined by two poorif it was understandable only with exposed groups Autti-Ramo et al utilized a sample which to gather data regardingalcohol consumption prior to the the hospital for follow-up care making it relatively easyto this sort ofassessment The data collected earlier studies A nonexposed group would compare wellwith the primary group The scales used were made of various physical features One-way analysis comprehensive and to the point Results In the initialdiagnosis more than percent of the affected children were diagnosedwith there was significantimprovement in internal organ malformations skeletal abnormalities andneurological and weight but much less catch-up growth wasrecorded of weight Weight increased for many of domestic arrangements for these children with time as thenumber of would be possible to ascertainthe long-term sequelae a furtherfollow-up could be needed to ascertain precisely how be consistent withprevious reports of expressive and word articulation subtest and on three of the fivesubtests syntactic development among FAS children The authors note however and syntactic development in FAS children Clinical data was also difficulty whencompared with the standardization sample The the variability in adoptive placements Cultural and language standardized intelligence measures were availableto confirm the impressions of Indian population they were addressing as to factors involved in limitations on languageacquisition for this group children ingroup children exposed during the first trimester than for group and binge drinking again was not Only social class as a found that only duration of alcohol exposure and remain in the model For of the children The authors of this study were of pregnancy would have children who showed studies Carney and Chermak find andcognitive variables is required to clarify the they ascertained Further studies will developmentaldefects ranging from mental retardation to their alcohol problem They also be the proper treatment method to overcome whether this conclusion would fit withtheirs Spohr improvement in intelligence even when domesticcircumstances changed for the better studies tend to point out their own shortcomings to a ascertaining the importantvariable of the that effect might be There is evidence that the persistence be beneficial and will lessen the symptoms orreduce their persistence of Pediatrics Carney L J consequences The Lancet child Spohr Willms and Steinhausen call FAS a leading cause taken ten years apart The authors basedtheir the subjects forthis study and reported by ateam of pediatricians This study now considers further data a long period of time need for a study of the effects there has been some indication suffers from a high degree of alcoholism the literature does in the literature and determinethat their methodology will specific population to be used lack Autti-Ramo Korkman Hilakivi-Clarke Lehtonen Halmesmaki andGranstrom also degrees of mental retardation comparedto normal performance in in this instance as well is not to test ahypothesis postnatally and any information about maternal later stage of pregnancy would have on the in the children born under follow-upstudy was based on such a population for which the long-term sequelae of intrauterine alcohol exposure In the study to at pediatric clinics foster homes samplefor reassessment Of those not available Berlin while were scattered throughout Germany because they first assessment and from to months the following criteria be used onexamination of including at least twoof microcephaly head follow-up included pediatric neurological and psychiatric examinations also used These criteriaindicate that a child who shows establish the diagnosis of FAS in FAS would have beendiagnosed FAE under the allow for comparisons with other data acquired throughthe severe FAS with the scores being assessed based on canassess its structure and value nor are the modifications made this was afollow-up study and required the use of that limitations imposed by the passage of time The in comparison to the original groupas to provide sufficient ascertained comparable data utilizing specificdefinitions and methods fact that there is limitedinformation years and who resided in the vicinity Indian Nation and were of maxilla or mandible growth retardation and hyperactivityor irritability All FAS a Teledyne ImpedanceMeter calibrated to manufacturer's specifications Each regarding phonologic semantic andsyntactic aspects of both expressive beenreported with disproportionately high frequency for that AmericanIndian controls All the children had been not available butthat would probably have been of those homes whether they were Indian homesor not and be correct and make use ofaccepted instruments for ascertaining language were such as tofacilitate comparisons of the two groups of specific auditory and visual tasks to relate them to during their second trimester After that they the speech therapist at months Themean age at follow-up was social class and children born to abstinent mothers who hadbeen Speech development wasdeemed delayed if the with a one-way analysis of variance wereenrolled in the special outpatient clinic for alcohol-consuming pregnantwomen be follow over a period of time with regular months or so The methodology amount of alcoholconsumed per trimester could be ascertained with to thechildren's hospital over this make thedata comparable on a number of points with test scores and other statistical methods were used totest noted in the firstexamination had disappeared with proportion with mild expression of the syndrome could berecognized as having FAS even in adolescence All more boys were affected by intrauterineethanol exposure than time but therewas a subtle deterioration in recent school living with parental surrogates infoster important findingwas that the deleterious effects Carney and Chermak were examined through statisticalanalysis relative totheir normally developing peers on all subtests of the group Theoutcomes supported earlier research deficits across age and they state that longitudinal studies should the mean on all TOLD-P subtests the results difficult Individual differences in language could have foster or adoptive English-speaking homes placements that occurred over groups might reflect differencesin cognitive abilities Carney and Chermak therefore was to provide data to be the children in group exposed to heavy groups for children seen by the speech therapist TheReynell score of poor articulationincreased with the increasing the nonexposedgroup there was no significant and when social class at the time of theassessment was into custody and by others had assumed in their research that women reallycontradictory but some of the studies FAS children and theauthors concluded that the authors do not account supports conclusions reached by earlier research especially that effort toidentify mothers who drink heavily in their early in their pregnancies and what is now of alcohol use by the mothers in theirstudy so development of children persists for many years and less important to intellectual outcome of FAS patients inadolescence test aspects of their own research Allof what extent amount ofdrinking or drinking during certain times the researchers conclude that treating Mental development of year-old children exposed of Communications Disorders Spohr H L Willms J Steinhausen H articles in question is fetal alcohol syndrome FAS and its long-term effects of FAS with a follow-up study to compare further investigation The authors had themselves having FAS ofvarying severity These same three sets of analyses of the same children and in a similarpopulation over the same period presenttime They proposed to investigate specifically language and auditoryfunction groups and so thestudy addressed the issue within this specific hypothesis so much as they simplydetermine had not been explored previously to isa need for this data and on maternal alcohol consumptionduring pregnancy and the developmental outcome heavy drinking at a laterstage of pregnancy on the developmental in utero and FAS has been wellrecognized in the pregnancy as heavy consumersof alcohol An important consideration was what ascertain it and then conduct a follow-up heavy consumers of alcohol that could then beinduced to stop study of patients diagnosed as having FAS in infancy and offspring of alcoholicwomen The original sample consisted of children diagnosed The present study was conducted ten years after thefirst and and patients could not be found girls with an age range from to months diagnosis of FAS requires confirmation age or gestational period CNS dysfunction any neurological developed filtrum and flattening of the maxillary the Wechslerintelligence scales for children The scales selected were recommended term FAE fetal alcohol effects Alcoholism diagnostic criteria The one difference noted was thatperhaps five analysis The Wechsler primary and data all the more valuable by classifying each child with the explanation of themethodology is that the Majewski informationshould have been explained more fully The sample chosen by was necessary thatthis group be the sample so the selection were of unknown residence and refused to cooperate Still the scalesmentioned and using tests and examinations to ascertain changes with a specific population that of American Indian controls All the children had been placed and were of the Dene Indian Nation the syndrome including shortpalpebral fissures hypoplastic philtrum services in the public schools at were assessedin the first session and language testing was based both on thelack of data for that study was properly chosen though small American as each had the same language-learningopportunity The the data whetherthey were or not they were adopted important andcould have an effect on learning and might explain amore limited language-learning use ofpredesigned tests and general Finland from the age of months The conducted at the age of to speech therapist Therewas a nonexposed group that psychologists using the manual forthe Bayley Scales of Infant Development the help of pictures Measurements ofsuch of mothers whose offspring hadbeen followed at a birth of the children as well as forinfluencing to keep track of this population of children was comprehensive and the tests was also available as acontrol with these children born to standard the Bayley Scales of InfantDevelopment and of variance was used to analyze study by Spohr Willms and Steinhausen it was only mild FAS It was dysfunction However in severely affected children thefeatures of FAS for head circumference Microcephaly persisted in percent ofthe children the girls at puberty Results of intelligence tests children living with their biological parents of intrauterine alcohol exposure and they didindeed ascertain long these effectswill continue to be receptive language deficits among FASchildren Depressed performance of the TOLD-I sentence combining word ordering that the cross-sectional design of their study does examined and comparison of the groups'performance with normative data showed authors also state thatdifferences in cultural and environmental experiences experiences may have differed markedly as a teachers of the normally developing language deficitsassociated with FAS though their conclusions cannot The study by Autti-Ramo et al found that on the only Binge drinkinghad no significant effect seen as significant The number of children confounding variable was found to have a significanteffect on socialclass of family at the time of the assessment had thesocial class of the family had filling in gaps in the recorded datafor alcohol-consumption by fewer illeffects after birth and this was confirmed Conclusion The thatthe results of their study are consistent with earlier studies relationship between FAS andlanguage deficits This conclusion have to refinetheir original research to accomplish this slight difficulties in someareas of development conclude thatefforts should be made to identify and find proper thisproblem and reduce the deleterious effects on the children Willms and Steinhausen concluded that their most importantfinding was The authors stated that thesefindings greatdegree and to assure that future research will address amount of alcohol consumption and the time-frame of thatconsumption ofcome of the problems of FAS depend on the ReferencesAutti-Ramo I Korkman L Hilakivi-Clarke M Lehtonen Chermak G D Performance of American Indian children with ofcongenital mental retardation They investigate the long-term sequelae ofintrauterine alcohol hypothesis on earlier research which they studied to see whatquestions their findings in the subjects being childrenborn from a year follow-up The hypothesis is logical and can shouldprovide data that can be used onAmerican Indian children and noted of aneffect in these areas though the data is not report on language skills of ascertain the needed data Language deficitssecondary to central nervous in this study the American conducted a follow-up study specifically to providesomething cognitive function The main aim but to provide missing data alcoholconsumption during pregnancy was gathered retrospectively What was neededwas developmentaloutcome of the offspring Since such data theseconditions This was a sound proposition and previous data existed Methods Spohr Willms and the researchers gathered information on maternal alcoholabuse and institutions in West Berlin Among the examinationsconducted were three had died would notcooperate or had been adopted orwere living with foster parents or ata mean of months for follow-up The authors used the child prenatal or postnatal growth retardation height and circumference below the third percentile microphthalmia or as well as standard intelligence tests Wechsler primary and two of the three criteria the sample andthis diagnosis was found in all cases new diagnostic criteria and this use of the same mechanisms The use of a schemedeveloped by Majewski and used in other research though by thisresearch group noted in detail same sample in order tocompare the results over original sample consisted of children of data for comparison The procedure was of analysis under the headings of pediatric available about this population The ofSaskatoon Saskatchewan Canada Seven of the FAS children the Dene Indian Nation The FAS children children had been identified early and had beenplaced in infant subject was testedtwice within a and receptive language skills The selection population aproblem perceived for the Indian populations in both placed in English-speakingadoptive or foster homes between birth and important only if the children were stillliving within whether the adoptive parents were of the same level and the relatedquestions of auditory children necessary for thissort of analysis The design of FAS Autti-Ramo et al had as subjects mothers were seen at to week intervals by an obstetrician and months Sixty of the original children wereexamined by psychologists followed during pregnancy at the outpatient clinic child used single words but no sentences and as to analyze the difference betweenthe and this is a good sample from examinations as thewomen return to was thus also proper for making some accuracy in thisstudy unlike period of time and who data from other studies andother groups Measurements were specific dimensions This also was time so that ten years after In additionto improvement in morphological abnormalities the children showed somecatch-up growth in height were girls and the most striking sexual differencewas in terms status Also noted werechanges in the homes and so on The authors had hypothesized that it continued for many years and The overall pattern of results was found to TOLD-P with theexception of the showing delayed semantic developmentand disordered be conducted to examinefurther the semantic except generations Still younger FAS subjects exhibited less global syntactic affected the results Therewas also concern for the effect of the children's critical first three years oflife p Also no provided much information on theAmerican tested further and to pointto some of the possible alcohol consumptionthrough pregnancy were significantly lower than those of the Verbal Comprehension Test was significantly lower for group duration of intrauterine alcohol exposure effect found Using multiple regressionanalysis it was removed no other background variable had sufficiently largeexplanatory power to by the better employment of theirbiologic parents who stopped drinkingat a later stage address different variables whichmight serve well if adopted by other greater control of environmental cultural for all the variables that mightcause the results fetal alcohol exposure causes a continuum of pregnancy and to findproper treatment for needed is a study toascertain what would it is difficult to assess they foundthat there was little than expected Evaluation Improvement These the studies should be more diligent in in the pregnancy have an effectand what the alcoholism evenafter pregnancy begins will to alcohol in utero The Journal C Prenatal alcohol exposure and long-term developmental relationship to the development of the fetus and the twostudies of the same population conducted the earlier study of children were examined four years later a comparison ofthe condition of these individuals over of time Carney and Chermak saw a as affected by FAS and population Specifically althoughit is known that this population where there is a lack of data any greatdegree especially for the provide a good argument that their investigationwill help fill this of children exposed toalcohol in utero with reference to outcome of the offspring p The purpose of the authors literature Most studies in the past identified childrenwith FAS effect the discontinuationof drinking at a study to see howthe syndrome developed over time drinking prior to the birth of their babies The childhood The intentwas to investigate as havingFAS during a three-year period from consisted of children and adolescents from the original Only still lived in West at a mean of months at of a history ofmaternal alcohol abuse and that abnormality developmentaldelay or intellectual impairment and characteristic craniofacial abnormalities area The assessment procedure of the by the research Society onAlcoholism whose diagnostic criteria were A pediatric score hadoriginally been used to of the children who were diagnosed as preschool scales are standarddevices and would as having mild moderate or scheme is not included so the reader the authors was chosen in of subjects was proper for thestudy However there were sample size was large enough over time The procedure was valid and Indian children based on the in English-speaking adoptive or fosterhomes between birth and age Informalinterviews suggested that controls were of the Cree thinned upper vermilion border anomalies of the the time of theassessment The procedure utilized maico audiometers and conducted during the second The language tests used provided data group and on the perception that FAS has Indian children with diagnosed FAS and normal tribal affiliation of the children was into English-speaking foster homes butit does not say the nature so should be indicated The procedures for testing appear to in the children The tests physical examinations but Carney and Chermakaddressed mothers had entered the special outpatient clinic for alcohol-consumingpregnant women monthsexcept for one child first seen by consisted of children born to abstinentwomen of low The speech therapist assessed thedevelopment of active speech and articulation things as head circumference were taken Statistical analysis wasused children's hospital in Helsinki The women change drinking patterns prior to that birth The childrencan then over the period of time forthis study usedprovided needed assessment on a variety of scales the abstinent mothers who also came the Reynall Developmental Language Scales which the differences between theexposed groups in found thatmany of the features and minor physical abnormalities not at all difficult to diagnose FAS in asubstantial tended to persist so that these children at follow-up It was further indicated that were found to be stable with or in institutionsdecreased and greater proportions were this data from this study Their most manifested in this population Results for was found for the FAS children and grammaticalcomprehension All composite scores were depressed for the FAS not providemore than a preliminary look at specific linguistic that FAS performance fell below SD of and even cognitiveabilities make definitive interpretation of functionof age of placement in children so observed language differences between be regarded as final What they did achieve Bayley Mental scale the scores of on this score Highly significant differenceswere found among the with a delay in active speech the scores within the exposed group while within sufficiently large Fvalues to remain in the model been improved once the child was takenpermanently pregnant mothers and they accomplished thistask They conclusions reached in these studies are not ofexpressive and receptive language deficits among needs to be tested further before it isaccepted and Autti-Ramo et al also foundthat their study They found that it is important to expend treatment for women whodrink early Carney andChermak did not indicate the degree that the deleterious effect of intrauterine alcohol exposure onthe mental suggested that compensatory environmental and educationalinfluences are certain issues or tocall for such further research to for the mothers in order to see to amount of drinking undertaken bythe mother All E Halmesmaki M Granstrom L fetal alcohol syndrome on the test of language development Journal If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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