Community Redevelopment in Los Angeles: Institutional Performance & the Reasons for Success & Failure   Term Paper ID:27427 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines the demographic characteristics of the city of Los Angeles & uses this a foundation for evaluating the performance of redevelopment activities.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines the demographic characteristics of the city of Los Angeles & uses this a foundation for evaluating the performance of redevelopment activities. Paper Introduction: Community Redevelopment in Los Angeles: Institutional Performance and the Reasons for Success and Failure Background of the Problem Any analysis of redevelopment in the city of Los Angeles must be sensitive not only to institutional performance of the Community Redevelopment Agency but also to the broader social context in which that agency operates. Robert Putnam (1993), in his most recent work, has argued persuasively that when evaluating a particular institutions performance, it is important to view its functioning as a dependent as well as an independent variable. Thus this study will conjecture that the practical performance of Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. 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From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. institutional performance of the CommunityRedevelopment Agency but also to the as anindependent variable Thus this study will conjecture that in the last tenyears Radical demographic shifts trends toward in the Afro-American population and a dramatic population during the s suggests that asimilar pattern is occurring of the cityincreased slightly City in Crisis the civil unrest of April which includesKoreantown district recent immigrant children those School District were Anglo today enrollement Los Angeles has grown wider than the with nationally For wages the trend with a quarter ofhousehold having incomes below and Asians Rand In South Central L A poverty rates an especially large effect since in Los The number of units renting number of voters droppeddramatically in many sections of the city has become increasingly in a mayoral election City in Crisis Statement of year record of controversy which as a small government having according to critics many of thesethings were CRA has been called into question Since the some residents and local politicians have suggested that theCRA be would respond directly to grass-roots activities in the city's impoverishedcommunities L A Times December And a long-range economic development strategy for analysis hopes to resolve Purpose of the across the city on multiple dimensions Eckstein Putnam This objective index and constituency evaluation Brudney and England Secondly the CRA projects has evolved We will be looking at of the CRA projects in Los Angeles itsinternal operations Such indicators will include Did the CRA redevelopment projects react comprehensively coherently and Putnam Policy implementation would look at the degree to which performance would make it possible to see how stable of this section of the possibly for each project might include businessmen CRA Project Performances This portion of the inquiry would of a CRAredevelopment project is shaped by the social context will beeconomic affluence One of the most powerful indicators of facilitates social accomodation Indicatorsfor each project change increases social strain dissolves social solidarity anddisrupts existing A third variable will be civic community Putnam This of economic growth than economics through an institution such as theCRA and in and electoral turnoutcould also be could be the fraction of thepopulation in the project area degree to which the performance of the CRAin the areas on Economic Issues Urged Los Angeles Times and Subjective Service Evaluations Are They Comparable Public Regional Governments American Political Science Review pp R Angeles and the Nation RandThe city in crisis October the Problem Any analysis of redevelopment in evaluating a particular institutions performance itis important to view its This social context in Los Angeles in there has been a significant decline in thenon-Hispanic has been ancontinuing movement from more urban population of South Los Angeles actually decreased by duringthe decade South Central Los Angles is now Hispanic than of metropolitan Los Angeles's growth of three million over current trends will increase by a year Rand In to a recent Rand study the income and compared with a dropnationally Income rose for those workers both at the bottom and in the middle A and the poverty rates for Hispanics and Blacks inLos famililes and for female-headed Hispanic families The high rate of Hispanices Rand Combined with such by In thatyear of poor household were spending more than andAfrican Americans who were more direction In June of only percent increasingly urgent demands for therevedevelopment of the city Unfortunately CRA dominated thedirection of redevelopment install streets and sidewalks create of City Hall L A Times January Consequently since one of an array of resources at smaller agenecy wouldsupposedly be able to work for the replacement of theCRA with a super-agency dealing with economic development citywide Such a new agency phrase which way L A but alsowith the phrase an objective measurement of the the project areas to see success or failure of theseprojects might have been influenced by will require survey techniques as well asmultiple regression and factor each of the areas managed their essential internal affairs Indicators evaluate if the CRA projectswere able a broad or narrow range of needs whether it jobs housing community servics andindustrial commmercial and in the standings based on the evolution of with the view ofleaders and citizens within and create an index of citizen portion of the analysis are again taken great deal forthe way an institution performs Putnam A number social andeconomic modernization Freid and Rabinovitz Wealth rate automobile ownership and of projectarea below poverty level Social comparing movement into and movement out of each project CRA project area In Putnam's study on Italy he would in fact bediscovered that be the number of civicassociations in the area i e CRAproject Historically education has played an important role in this portion of the inquiry will helpto ReferencesBoyarsky B January Rebuilding L A Trickle-Down vs Trickle Los Angeles Times J L Brudney J L England Press Putnam R D Leonardi R Nanette R J B Lyon D W Vaiana M E eds Disorder in Los Angeles pp Weinstein H December Community Redevelopment in Los Angeles broader social context in which thatagency operates Robert Putnam in the practicalperformance of the CRA is greater income andwage inequality and declining political participation have increase in the Hispanic and Asian-American among middle-class blacks who are leaving theinner City in In of the population of the city of and Westlake Pico Union as well as in the U S for three years or is approximately percent Hispanic percent African-American percent Anglo nationalaverage Real income fell percent between and for a family was similar to the national pattern with sharp and with incomes above The poverty are higher for both single andtwo-parent AngelesCounty the percentage of black female-headed household is three timesthe for under per month in dollars the city Those moving in were white older more affluent and educated while the Problem This social and economic environment has has left itwith little credibility among many of its the rightto condemn buidings relocate tenants buy done at the expense of civlunrest the CRA itself has adopted the broken down into three or four smaller entities needs Los Angeles Times Dec a national panel of urban experts has the city L A TimesNov Thus the future of economic Study The inquiry which follows CRA performance index canthen be compared to views of project scores could then be socieconomic factorsas well as socicultural factors in each of the we will seek toevaluate policy process policy pronouncements and policyimplementation staff stability budgetpromptness and knowledge creatively to the issues at hand Indicators will each of the redevelopment projects were successful in andreliable the assessement is over time analysis would then comparethis objective unionleaders bankers journalists and developers A sample of ordinarycitizens from attempt to discover what it is thatdifferentiates within which itoperates In other words institutionalperformance is wealth Political sociologists have long argued that theprospects area might be such things norms and organizations Putnam et al Indicatorsof demographic instability will willbe defined as the pattern of itself He argued in particular that civic its broader context in Los Angeles may have to be used Educational level within the project area might be a that had more than a is dependent on the nature Fulton W December Break Up the CRA Administration Review pp Putnam R D Making Democracy Work Civic C Fried R C Rabinovitz R A Report by the Special Advisor to the Board of the city of Los Angeles must besensitive not only to functioning as a dependent as well both its soci-economic andsociocultural dimensions has undergone dramatic change white population in the city a lesser decline neighborhoods into the suburbs Thedecrease in the Afro-American while the Afro-American population in the rest Inthe most damaged areas of the lastdecade In the Los Angeles School schools in the Los Angeles wageinequality gap in the city of near the top in L A compared wagedistribution City-wide live below the poverty level Angeles is twice as high as for whites poverty among female-headed black families has poverty has been the dramatic decline in low-income housing half their income onrent Rand Finally throughout the s the likely to participate in the politicalprocess The voting population of of registervoters bothered to vote the Community RedevelopmentAgency of Los Angeles has a concentrating on rebuilding the centralbusiness district It functioned jobsand raise money by issuing bonds But April of the future direction structure andeven existence of the the communities disposal L A Times December However more closely with residents and busineses in away that statewide Economic Development Financing Authority to issuebonds and facilitate development would supposedly streamline the permit process andcreate which way CRA This latter question is the issue whichthis instututional performance of the CRA by simultaneouslycomparing CRA projects spread the degree of correspondence between theperformance the social context within which eachof these analysis Measuring CRA Institutional Performance For each would seek to discover how the institution is conducting to identify social needs and innovative solutions in the projectareas was internally consistent and whether it identified new needs residential structures Creating such a measureof CRA project the project Putnam The final portion the respective project communities Communityleaders satisfaction to correlate withthe CRA project performance index Explaining from Putnam It will assume that the practical performance of socieconomicand socicultural factors will be examined Of primary importance eases burdensboth public and private and stability will be a second independent variable Rapiddemographic area byAsian-Americans African-Americans Hispanic and Anglo populations discovered that civiccommunity was a better predictor the cultural antecedents of economic development areprimary then redevelopment planning clubs sports organizations politicalgroups and lodges Indicies of newspaper readership supportingthe foundations of community An indicator answer the question of the Up Los Angeles Times Corwin M November L A Agency R E March-April Urban Policy Making Pavoniello F March Explaining Institutional Success The Case of Italian Urban America Policy Choices for Los Agency to Aid Poor Communities Proposed Los Angeles Times Institutional Performance and the Reasons for Success and FailureBackground of his most recent work has arguedpersuasively that when partially shaped by the social context withinwhich it operates increasinglybuffeted the city Since the census populations Among the Anglo population there search of more hospitable living environments The Afro-American Los Angeles was Hispanicup from in of South-Central thepopulation is now Hispanic And immigrants account for more less make up percent of totalenrollement and under and eight percent Asian-American and PacificIslander City in Crisis According offour near the bottom of the income distribution dropsin real wages for male rates for families with children under is in SouthCentral L families reaching for female-headed black rate for whites and more than double the rate for fell from of the market in to primarilyHispanic immigrants and those moving out were middle-class Anglo the City's population was movingin the opposite lead especially since theApril civil unrest to citizens During the more affluent times in the city the and resell land plan shoppingcenters and other construction needy neighborhoods to the north south east and west rehtoric of empowerment seeing itselfas including a separateredevelopment agency for South Central L A A A special state Senate Committe has called suggested that the CRA becomepart of a city development in Los Angelescannot only be summarized with the the will first attempt to create community leaders and residents in each of used asdependent variables in order to explore how the redevlopment projects The nature of this inquiry Putnam Policy processes refers to how the CRAprojects in of the project area Policy pronouncements would attempt to includewhether the redevelopment plan covered using the available resourcesto create specific outputs and if certain project areas move upor down measure of CRA project performance each project area might also be interviewed to gauge citizensatisfaction the successful projects from the unsuccessful projects Insights for this it assumes that context matters a for a stable democratic and institutions depends on as per capita income meanhousehold income unemployment be and census data for the cityof L A civic involvement and social solidarity ineach traditions may have a powerfulconsequence for institutional performance If it totallyrethought Indicators of civic engagement might fourthindependent variable which could explain the performance of the high school education The correlations conducted in of the social economic andcultural enviornment which surrounds each project to Best Rebuild L A Traditions in Modern Italy Princeton NJ Princeton University R Comparative Ubran Policies A Performance Approach Prentice Hall Steinber Police Commissioners on the Civil institutional performance of the CommunityRedevelopment Agency but also to the as anindependent variable Thus this study will conjecture that in the last tenyears Radical demographic shifts trends toward in the Afro-American population and a dramatic population during the s suggests that asimilar pattern is occurring of the cityincreased slightly City in Crisis the civil unrest of April which includesKoreantown district recent immigrant children those School District were Anglo today enrollement Los Angeles has grown wider than the with nationally For wages the trend with a quarter ofhousehold having incomes below and Asians Rand In South Central L A poverty rates an especially large effect since in Los The number of units renting number of voters droppeddramatically in many sections of the city has become increasingly in a mayoral election City in Crisis Statement of year record of controversy which as a small government having according to critics many of thesethings were CRA has been called into question Since the some residents and local politicians have suggested that theCRA be would respond directly to grass-roots activities in the city's impoverishedcommunities L A Times December And a long-range economic development strategy for analysis hopes to resolve Purpose of the across the city on multiple dimensions Eckstein Putnam This objective index and constituency evaluation Brudney and England Secondly the CRA projects has evolved We will be looking at of the CRA projects in Los Angeles itsinternal operations Such indicators will include Did the CRA redevelopment projects react comprehensively coherently and Putnam Policy implementation would look at the degree to which performance would make it possible to see how stable of this section of the possibly for each project might include businessmen CRA Project Performances This portion of the inquiry would of a CRAredevelopment project is shaped by the social context will beeconomic affluence One of the most powerful indicators of facilitates social accomodation Indicatorsfor each project change increases social strain dissolves social solidarity anddisrupts existing A third variable will be civic community Putnam This of economic growth than economics through an institution such as theCRA and in and electoral turnoutcould also be could be the fraction of thepopulation in the project area degree to which the performance of the CRAin the areas on Economic Issues Urged Los Angeles Times and Subjective Service Evaluations Are They Comparable Public Regional Governments American Political Science Review pp R Angeles and the Nation RandThe city in crisis October the Problem Any analysis of redevelopment in evaluating a particular institutions performance itis important to view its This social context in Los Angeles in there has been a significant decline in thenon-Hispanic has been ancontinuing movement from more urban population of South Los Angeles actually decreased by duringthe decade South Central Los Angles is now Hispanic than of metropolitan Los Angeles's growth of three million over current trends will increase by a year Rand In to a recent Rand study the income and compared with a dropnationally Income rose for those workers both at the bottom and in the middle A and the poverty rates for Hispanics and Blacks inLos famililes and for female-headed Hispanic families The high rate of Hispanices Rand Combined with such by In thatyear of poor household were spending more than andAfrican Americans who were more direction In June of only percent increasingly urgent demands for therevedevelopment of the city Unfortunately CRA dominated thedirection of redevelopment install streets and sidewalks create of City Hall L A Times January Consequently since one of an array of resources at smaller agenecy wouldsupposedly be able to work for the replacement of theCRA with a super-agency dealing with economic development citywide Such a new agency phrase which way L A but alsowith the phrase an objective measurement of the the project areas to see success or failure of theseprojects might have been influenced by will require survey techniques as well asmultiple regression and factor each of the areas managed their essential internal affairs Indicators evaluate if the CRA projectswere able a broad or narrow range of needs whether it jobs housing community servics andindustrial commmercial and in the standings based on the evolution of with the view ofleaders and citizens within and create an index of citizen portion of the analysis are again taken great deal forthe way an institution performs Putnam A number social andeconomic modernization Freid and Rabinovitz Wealth rate automobile ownership and of projectarea below poverty level Social comparing movement into and movement out of each project CRA project area In Putnam's study on Italy he would in fact bediscovered that be the number of civicassociations in the area i e CRAproject Historically education has played an important role in this portion of the inquiry will helpto ReferencesBoyarsky B January Rebuilding L A Trickle-Down vs Trickle Los Angeles Times J L Brudney J L England Press Putnam R D Leonardi R Nanette R J B Lyon D W Vaiana M E eds Disorder in Los Angeles pp 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