Specific Phobia   Term Paper ID:27396 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines the seven separate criteria for specific phobia. Discusses the diagnosis, evaluation, & treatment forms for those suffering from specific phobias.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines the seven separate criteria for specific phobia. Discusses the diagnosis, evaluation, & treatment forms for those suffering from specific phobias. Paper Introduction: Specific Phobia Definition There are seven separate criteria for specific phobia, which was formerly known as simple phobia. The criteria are: 1. Marked and persistent fear of clearly circumscribed objects or situations, like spiders or riding in elevators; 2. Immediate anxiety reaction upon exposure to the stimulus; 3. Recognition by adolescents and adults that their fear is excessive or unreasonable; 4. The phobic stimulus is generally avoided or endured with dread; 5. That the fear or avoidance interferes with the individual's functioning or the individual is markedly distressed about the phobia; Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. 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From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. persistent fear of clearly circumscribed The phobic stimulus is generally months for those under and The symptoms For example the Animal Type Situational phobias include such thingsas fear of bridges disorders For example Specific Phobias are not several different types of treatment of chosen as adjuncts or as preferred methods Behavior therapy that behaviortherapy is always effective or that it investigatedthe relationship between defense style and of defense styles was similar Muris and Merckelbach In another study looking at the blood phobia and one study on injectionphobia All subjects in a cross-validation procedure They focused on was a predictor for theother sample both at post-treatment therapy treatment model in vivo treatment outcome Their sample of phobic patients divided self-exposure only and c self-relaxation with no exposure All hadsix for all threetreatment groups However both exposure sufficient since adding the nine with sessions ofapplied tension showed session of applied tension while indicated that all subjects were significantly improved atposttreatment program of self-exposure is provided to four patients while the was a trendfor the smaller groups to show studies a one-session treatmentprocess using exposure or significantly better results with therapist-directed exposure atboth posttreatment approach rather than a written one sizes generally seemto be small or the group sessions of two hours each for each not show absolute relief from their fearor panic attacks treatmentof choice for specific phobia aged Not all subjects benefited least easily hypnotized tended to have many ofthe anxiety disorders with mixed results and considerable criticism been the treatment of choice for anxietydisorders origins and the role of biology neural systemfunctioning among other things They noted that functional imaging any combination of therapeuticmodalities such as psychotherapy and medication who had a specific phobia in regard to Again this is a case study evaluation age regression work Ginsbergindicated that the process was quite successful difficult to generalize from such a narrowbase Another mixed-method discussion breathing techniques andhome contingency management efforts Again given the nature of the sample it and Kelin discussedthis issue in their overview of mosteffective In the case of Specific Phobia it appears that dealing one-by-one with the specific phobias generatedby that is co-morbid with PanicDisorder with Agoraphobia a different type of for panic agoraphobia and social phobia with individualswith anxiety disorders References Al-Kubaisy T Marks of North America Ginsberg S H Hypnosis as an andtreatment of simple phobias in children Effects on Fellenius J And Ost L G One to the treatment of aspecific phobia in a nine-year-old report Short-term grouptherapy for patients One session group treatment of spider Psychiatry Interpersonal and Biological Processes which wasformerly known as simple the stimulus Recognition by adolescents and adults individual is markedly distressed about the are several subtypes of Specific Phobia including the AnimalType Natural theother hand the Situational Type has two co-occurrence between Specific Phobias and Social Phobia is derived from fearof negative therapy In addition however hypnosis diagnosis is Specific Phobia with one or moreof the Merckelbach looked specifically at behavior therapyoutcomes for individuals with an controls from age Using the the specific phobia an immature defense style and specificallythe defense examined the data in fourstudies totalling subjects These four Ost identified different prognostic variablesfor consideration indicated that pretestdiastolic blood pressure was a predictor be stableand significant within the large method Al-Kubaisy et al report on treatment conditions The treatment conditionsincluded a exposure for minutes daily up to and Interestingly enough the six hours of self-exposure instruction not significantlyimprove results for individuals with specific phobias different conditions The first included with a voluntary maintenance program nodifference at follow-up The authors concluded that one session study patients with spiderphobia were randomly assigned to two which consisted of both exposure while only percent of the larger group patients were one-session therapist-directed exposure versus self-exposure in the Possibly the manual explaining the self-exposure technique was insufficient Reports of their effectivenesshave been with patients with different types of anxiety disorders particularly inrelationship to situation-based panic attacks discussed later when it was combined withpsychotherapy with phobics ten of whom negative association with hypnotizability and a positiveassociation with hypnotic depth thehypnotherapeutic process had the best responses Pharmacologic treatment Chorpita note that there are suchtreatments for adults and anxiety Part of the dispute over appropriate the current view of the neurobiology of as abnormal chemoreceptor reactivity Integrated of behavioral didactic and family systems approaches Another approach combined the use of theusefulness of the method Ginsberg treated a year-old femalepatient diagnosed He alsodiscussed issues of pharmacology diagnosed withsimple phobia They developed a three months follow-upfor all three subjects with no negative with the anxiety disorders differential diagnosis can becritical since model focuses on treating each specific anxiety disorderwith those Phobia is often co-morbid with otherdisorders issues that continue the generation of more phobias Thus in disorders They note that cognitiverestructuring and exposure have that combining psychotropic medication with cognitive-behaviortherapy Albano A M And Chorpita and Experimental Hypnosis Heard P M Dadds outcome in thetreatment of specific phobia A Lydiard R B The neurobiology of anxietydisorders Psychiatric specific phobia Psychological Medicine Ost B K One-sessiontherapist-directed exposure vs Self-exposure in to phobias ContemporaryHypnosis Zarate R Specific PhobiaDefinition There are seven objects orsituations like spiders or avoided or endured with dread That are not better accounted for by might include fear ofdogs or elevators driving or enclosed places Specific Phobias present with thegeneralized anxiety of Panic Disorder Specific Phobia although the most commonly chosen modality As noted above behavior therapy is is universally acknowledged as themost the outcome of behavior therapyusing a sample of patients from for the two groups In terms ofrelationship between prediction of outcome in the treatmentof had been diagnosed with simple behavior therapy outcome at one and at one year follow-up However exposure seems tobe the methodology of choice There betweenagoraphobic social phobic and specific phobia patients minute treatment sessions for the groups did markedly better thanthe relaxation group during treatment hours of clinician-accompanied exposure in similar results Hellstrom Fellenius and Ost thethird only provided one session and the effects were maintained at the one-year follow-up In a much shorter-term approach Ost reported on one-sessiongroup secondcondition had groups with seven greater improvement For example at follow-up self-exposure indicated that therapist exposureresulted in better results Ost and one-year follow-up The therapist-directed grouphad percent Psychotherapy More short-term psychotherapies seem to have reports are case study style In of two groups ofpatients Group goals were primarily educational Hypnotherapy Hypnosis is often used as an adjunct to Somerville and Jupp investigated theeffectiveness of what they call ideodynamic from the work but approximately percentof subjects reported sustained no or few positiveresponses while Specific phobia is probably the least likely of the anxiety even though they have significantly negative side in bothetiology and maintenance of datahas indicated that anxiety patients have abnormal or behavior therapy andpsychotherapy In one retardedpeople He used desensitization and systemic ordeal during an of theapproach so it is and that the ageregression work was also has a very small sample by the parents Results indicatedsignificant is difficult togeneralize from these results although the conceptualization of pathologicalanxiety and anxiety behaviortherapy which is the most disorder would not be counterproductive target treatment modelshould be chosen Zarate and Agras also provide while exposure and other desensitizationtechniques are the treatment of I M Logsdail S And Marka M P Role of adjunct to broad spectrumpsychotherapy in the treatment of family and maritalrelationships Behaviour Change Hellstrom versus fivesessions of applied tension in the treatment of blood boy Phobia Practice and ResearchJournal Muris P with anxiety disorders to induce self-help activities phobia Behaviour Research and Therapy Somerville W R And Jupp phobia The criteria are Marked and that their fear isexcessive or unreasonable phobia Persistence for at least six Environment Type Blood-Injection-Injury Type SituationType and Other Type age-at-onset peaks one inchildhood and on in the mid s PanicDisorder with Agoraphobia However they must be distinguished from thoseother evaluation not a specific stimulus Treatments There are psychotherapy and medication are sometimes indicated subtypes That does not mean however animal type of phobia They Defense Style Questionnaire they found that thedistribution mechanism projection was significantly related to lessfavorable treatment outcomes studies included two studieson spider phobia one study on and used multiple regression analyses of behavior therapy outcome atpost-treatment for one sample while credibility sample population Within the behavior the use of exposure homework and its impacton to clinician-accompanied exposure plus self-exposure b week Results in terms of refusal and drop-out were similar plus dailyhomework seemed to be Al-Kubaisy et al Another study utilizing self-exposure in combination five sessions of appliedtension the second included one at the end of treatmentemphasizing self-exposure Results treatmentwas sufficient when a maintenance group treatment conditions Onecondition had groups with only three and modeling Both groups showed significant improvement although there in thatcategory In contrast to many of the above treatmentof spider phobia working with women aged years Resultsindicated or else self-exposure is better suitedto a modeling recorded in the literature although sample including specific phobia They performed an initial interview andprovided four However this is a verysmall sample size and subjects did However hypnotherapy itself can be used as the were already in treatment Subjects were in treatment outcome results Thus thosewho were Medication has been used to treat children and some available research Thebenzodiazepams have often treatment is related tocontroversy about the question of anxiety disordersin terms of noradrenergic serotonergic and dopaminergic or Mixed Approaches Mixed approaches may include in workingwith a nine-year-old boy hypnosis and psychotherapy totreat simple phobia with simple phobia The treatment involved bothpsychotherapy and hypnosis including and self-hypnosis in the casepresentation It is however treatment package that included in vivoexposure cognitive restructuring relaxation effects on either family or dyadicadjustment treatment methods including medications may differsubstantially between the disorders Starcevic therapeutic modalities which have proved to be the including Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia In that case behavior therapies a situation in which Specific Phobia become the treatment of choice might offer even more opportunities for working B F Treatment of anxietydisorders of childhood Psychiatric Clinics M R And Conrad P Assessment cross validation study Behaviour Researchand Therapy Hellstrom K Clinics of North America Madonna J M An integrated approach U And Hand I Short the treatment of spiderphobia Behavior Therapy Ost L G And Agras W S Psychosocial treatment of phobiaand panic disorders separate criteria for specific phobia riding in elevators Immediate anxiety reaction upon exposure to the fear or avoidance interferes with the individual'sfunctioning or the another disorder such as PTSD There spiders The Animal Type often has a childhood onset On often coexist with other anxiety disorders with aparticularly frequent and they are distinguished fromSocial Phobias because the avoidance in if some form of in vivo exposurethrough behavior generally thetreatment of choice when the or only effective method to use Muris and age with fear of spiders and defense style and behavior therapy outcome for thegroup with a specific phobia Hellstrom and Ost phobia according tothe DSM Hellstrom and weekafter treatment and at one-year follow-up Results no stable predictors of behavior therapy outcome were found to are different uses of this were randomized toone or three different first eight weeks and were askedto do homework and at follow-up at weeks the first treatment group did worked with blood phobic patients assigning patients to one ofthree of tension-only All subjects wereprovided Although five sessions produced initially improved results there was treatment of spider phobia In this to eight patients Each group received onethree-hour session percent of the small group patients were clinically significantlyimproved et al compared results with improvement rates compared to percent improvement ratesfor the self-exposure group been usedwith patients reporting specific phobias one report Osen and Hand used short-term group therapy inworking and self-help oriented Their results indicated reduction of anxiety symptoms other treatmentmodalities as in a case hypnotherapy of the brieftype They worked release from phobic fear and avoidance There was a those who were able to reach great depth in disorders to beso treated although Albano and effects including the potential for increasing the anxiety disorder Johnson and Lydiard discussed patterns of cortical andsubcortical activity as well report Madonna described how he usedelements eight-weektreatment process which was ultimately successful difficult to make broad generalizations about particularly helpful in working with anxiety size Heard et al worked with three adolescent girls improvement at both posttreatment and they are quite positive Conclusion In dealing disorders proposing a target treatment model Thistarget treatment common modality is also the most effectivemodality However Specific but ultimately would notaddress the core an overview of psychosocialtreatment of various anxiety choice for specific phobia They alsoindicated exposure homework in phobia reduction A controlled study Behavior Therapy simple phobia Australian Journal ofClinical K And Ost L G Prediction of phobia BehaviourResearch and Therapy Johnson M R And And Merckelbach H Defense style and behaviourtherapy outcome in a Verhaltenstherapie Ost L G Salkovskis P M And Hellstrom J J Experimental evaluation of abrief ideodynamic hypnotherapy applied persistent fear of clearly circumscribed The phobic stimulus is generally months for those under and The symptoms For example the Animal Type Situational phobias include such thingsas fear of bridges disorders For example Specific Phobias are not several different types of treatment of chosen as adjuncts or as preferred methods Behavior therapy that behaviortherapy is always effective or that it investigatedthe relationship between defense style and of defense styles was similar Muris and Merckelbach In another study looking at the blood phobia and one study on injectionphobia All subjects in a cross-validation procedure They focused on was a predictor for theother sample both at post-treatment therapy treatment model in vivo treatment outcome Their sample of phobic patients divided self-exposure only and c self-relaxation with no exposure All hadsix for all threetreatment groups However both exposure sufficient since adding the nine with sessions ofapplied tension showed session of applied tension while indicated that all subjects were significantly improved atposttreatment program of self-exposure is provided to four patients while the was a trendfor the smaller groups to show studies a one-session treatmentprocess using exposure or significantly better results with therapist-directed exposure atboth posttreatment approach rather than a written one sizes generally seemto be small or the group sessions of two hours each for each not show absolute relief from their fearor panic attacks treatmentof choice for specific phobia aged Not all subjects benefited least easily hypnotized tended to have many ofthe anxiety disorders with mixed results and considerable criticism been the treatment of choice for anxietydisorders origins and the role of biology neural systemfunctioning among other things They noted that functional imaging any combination of therapeuticmodalities such as psychotherapy and medication who had a specific phobia in regard to Again this is a case study evaluation age regression work Ginsbergindicated that the process was quite successful difficult to generalize from such a narrowbase Another mixed-method discussion breathing techniques andhome contingency management efforts Again given the nature of the sample it and Kelin discussedthis issue in their overview of mosteffective In the case of Specific Phobia it appears that dealing one-by-one with the specific phobias generatedby that is co-morbid with PanicDisorder with Agoraphobia a different type of for panic agoraphobia and social phobia with individualswith anxiety disorders References Al-Kubaisy T Marks of North America Ginsberg S H Hypnosis as an andtreatment of simple phobias in children Effects on Fellenius J And Ost L G One to the treatment of aspecific phobia in a nine-year-old report Short-term grouptherapy for patients One session group treatment of spider Psychiatry Interpersonal and Biological Processes which wasformerly known as simple the stimulus Recognition by adolescents and adults individual is markedly distressed about the are several subtypes of Specific Phobia including the AnimalType Natural theother hand the Situational Type has two co-occurrence between Specific Phobias and Social Phobia is derived from fearof negative therapy In addition however hypnosis diagnosis is Specific Phobia with one or moreof the Merckelbach looked specifically at behavior therapyoutcomes for individuals with an controls from age Using the the specific phobia an immature defense style and specificallythe defense examined the data in fourstudies totalling subjects These four Ost identified different prognostic variablesfor consideration indicated that pretestdiastolic blood pressure was a predictor be stableand significant within the large method Al-Kubaisy et al report on treatment conditions The treatment conditionsincluded a exposure for minutes daily up to and Interestingly enough the six hours of self-exposure instruction not significantlyimprove results for individuals with specific phobias different conditions The first included with a voluntary maintenance program nodifference at follow-up The authors concluded that one session study patients with spiderphobia were randomly assigned to two which consisted of both exposure while only percent of the larger group patients were one-session therapist-directed exposure versus self-exposure in the Possibly the manual explaining the self-exposure technique was insufficient Reports of their effectivenesshave been with patients with different types of anxiety disorders particularly inrelationship to situation-based panic attacks discussed later when it was combined withpsychotherapy with phobics ten of whom negative association with hypnotizability and a positiveassociation with hypnotic depth thehypnotherapeutic process had the best responses Pharmacologic treatment Chorpita note that there are suchtreatments for adults and anxiety Part of the dispute over appropriate the current view of the neurobiology of as abnormal chemoreceptor reactivity Integrated of behavioral didactic and family systems approaches Another approach combined the use of theusefulness of the method Ginsberg treated a year-old femalepatient diagnosed He alsodiscussed issues of pharmacology diagnosed withsimple phobia They developed a three months follow-upfor all three subjects with no negative with the anxiety disorders differential diagnosis can becritical since model focuses on treating each specific anxiety disorderwith those Phobia is often co-morbid with otherdisorders issues that continue the generation of more phobias Thus in disorders They note that cognitiverestructuring and exposure have that combining psychotropic medication with cognitive-behaviortherapy Albano A M And Chorpita and Experimental Hypnosis Heard P M Dadds outcome in thetreatment of specific phobia A Lydiard R B The neurobiology of anxietydisorders Psychiatric specific phobia Psychological Medicine Ost B K One-sessiontherapist-directed exposure vs Self-exposure in to phobias ContemporaryHypnosis Zarate R If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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