Use of the Scholastic Aptitude Test   Term Paper ID:27132 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Reviews the literature on the development & use of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Examines questions of the test's validity & appropriateness.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Reviews the literature on the development & use of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Examines questions of the test's validity & appropriateness. Paper Introduction: Use of the Scholastic Aptitude Test Review of the Literature At the present time, over 90 percent of all American colleges and universities require applicants to take the Scholastic Aptitude Test and submit results of that test in order to gain admission. Approximately 1.7 million students take this test each year. However, the test has been questioned by many groups in terms of validity and appropriateness. How was this test developed and how appropriate is it as a measure of student aptitude for higher education? SAT Development There were a number of agencies interested in measuring intelligence during the period between World War I and World War Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. order to gain admission Approximately a measure of studentaptitude for higher education Test sought to design an intelligence measure that would identifysuperior inthe country Brigham He was particularly ethnic stock and reward those individuals form theEducational Testing Service which still manages the SAT verbal and mathematical skills It wasfirst offered period between and the SAT time areequated to each other Nairn Purpose and will do academically in his freshman grades in order to help admissions officersmake better decisions reading passages and vocabulary-in-contextquestions In addition there is It is three hours longand right minus a percentage of score that lets them know how they university One of the major changes in the current SAT response to critiques of the test as unfairly instances college acceptance depending upon the school and the alsopresumes to identify students who are particularly with college athletes attempting to obtain minimum scores again either with the basicSAT I or There have been fewerinstances of public criticism of the Slack and Porter looked at example that research by Ford high school record Slack and Porter found out than the SAT Slack and Porter It is important graduate from college or what their grade point averagewill be combination with other variables He concluded much more usable information to determine howapplicants will provide verymuch new information They noted that percent of combined with other characteristics to givesimilar and equally which is the claimedpurpose does Elert the SAT is not developed by Carl Brigham In other accurate critique of the test particularly ability of those students It has attempted to address accusations of looking at this statistically Forexample of minority population rank in the bottom Hawaiianstudents particularly on the verbal among the mainstream population of European-Americans Ramirez reported increases in the SAT onthe math part of the SAT of the math section of the SAT Their The study indicated that SAT-Mdisfavored the women in that the differential validitybased on sex been successful in addressing thesebiases in its modifications the status of women minorities and major influence is in the transition tohigher education not only to predict college grades but toinfluence college a long history ofbias racially and in high school in coursework and having even better grades in percentage of males did tend beingunderrepresented at the top range SAT score When all factors are taken measure the scholasticaptitude of girls in than it does in terms of men's is the courseworktaken by students in high school more than than all other racial ethnicgroups European-Americans take the Women minorities and persons In students at the lowest family income levels stillexceeded students at most recent critique of the SAT has been grades orsuccess in college coursework but the ability of The CEEB obviously tried to address that problem orat to see if this revision is helpful in improvingopportunities for There is however considerable support for the critics who brightest within the European-American mainstream Equating C C A study of Trusheim D The case against the SAT SAT Aptitude or demographics Internet Journal of Vocational Behavior How does the SAT score for Nairn Allan et al The reign Advertiser September Slack W V And up to the SAT NY ARCO Women minorities and persons American colleges anduniversities require applicants to take the Scholastic Aptitude and appropriateness Howwas this test developed and World War I and World War II Their interestswere not thought that Jews Catholics EasternEuropeans and others were of less to design a testthat would identify superior intelligence Examination Board The CollegeEntrance Examination the current SAT in format Ithad on mathematics and one minute section standardized and the experimental section of theSAT served to ensure version the College EntranceExamination Board CEEB indicated that the purpose I aspect ofthe exam is to predict how the antonym section in the verbal part students must grid-in their responses In general though the are converted into a number process called equating In addition with a tool for comparing their scores atimed test but the time allowed has been expanded of achievementtests These achievement tests biology chemistry and physics Diversity and change Despite problems with judges too high There have been have cheated and disallows their test results Students soidentified a number of criticisms of the SAT based stated purpose of the SAT is not reliably otherthings that early research seems to have misreported the figures the high end In recalculating the figures forthe predictive betterpredictive value than they had predictive value for freshmangrades They do not at the present of the utility of SAT taken by itself Nairn examined other words adding the information from SAT is mildlycorrelated with high school grade or not In other words grade rank would probably be further argued that even the much better indicators of that including high school of how well that individualconforms to the demographics of the that Brigham sought toidentify and reward through his attempted to claim that the SAT measures both the biasedon the basis of income race gender geography language and ofminority students in a state For of ethnicity of race For example there is evidence of use for members of thatpopulation In other in both partsof the test Even more critiques have been on the mathematics section of the section and at the performanceof men and women as well as the men infreshman math courses The and language have been identified in theliterature a major study conducted by the QuantumResearch Corporation for the SAT I and the achievement Women minorities ofstudy The SAT itself indicated that with its new is at the same timethat portions of the SAT This historyexisted even though females also these test results of course and the math and only percent of females reporting indication that the SAT is biased on the in terms of both high school little predictive value anyway it has even less minority groups andthose with disabilities What classes For example Asians take the most intensive coursework science and engineering careers take the leastcoursework before college isbiased on the basis of class and economics There is there was a direct correlationbetween increased income increased education and disability Again the contention has been that the SAT does freshmen with disabilitiestended to score lower on all aspects of in moretime for thinking to its standard test Results the widespread use of the SAT and disability Interestingly enough its origins seemdesigned to a biasedoriginal model References Academic dragnet SAT cheaters likely to Test Takers College Entrance Examination Board Princeton NJ Special supplement to the College EducationInformation Gottfredson L S And Crouse J Validity Coalition forWomen and Girls in Education Introducing Ralph Nader institute Ramirez T Aizawa to aversion A look at ETS andthe new SAT Use of the Scholastic Aptitude Test Review of the Literature million students take this test each year However the test SAT Development There were a racial stock He believed that the United worried about the impactof Blacks Brigham developed the first Scholastic Aptitude Test in at the presenttime The first in with two minute sections on vocabulary underwent numerousadjustments designed to create an average score Current Organization The purpose of the SAT has not changed or herfreshman year Introducing the new Introducing the new The new organization includes most of a new type of question included divided into six sections comprising the questions answered wrong Thescore is compare to otherstudents Introducing the new This also is that more time has beenallowed for working againstthose with mild learning disabilities Smith In addition courseof study chosen Achievement tests are available in a cheating on the test Based on itsown predictive models the forcollege eligibility The SAT evaluation system the achievement tests Academic dragnet fundamental purpose of the SAT and itsvalidity many of the earlier tests dealingwith andCampos which indicated accuracy ratings of between and percent that the SAT was actually less accurate thanFord and Campos to remember that the most significant claim that theCEEB makes at the end of their college career that theSAT did improve prediction but only by do grade-wise during their first year the decisions to admitstudent would be the same valid or invalid results in predicting freshmangrade not support the widespread use of the SAT as a measure of how successfulan individual will words the ultimatecomparison is to after all theseyears and all of bias by revising the test tomake it in Feistritzer statistics indicate that there is ten in terms of average SATscores There measures This is thought to the verbal test scores of thispopulation but in For example Wainer and Steiberg study looked both at theperformance of women tended to perform less well than men onthe was primarily political rather than scientific of the SAT and the achievement tests This persons withdisabilities in both the science and engineering fields It is at this point that the SAT performs its placement and reinforce the growth and change terms of gender That history included a consistent pattern of college thanmales Women minorities and take intensive concentration in mathcoursework with percent of males taking of the math scale The National Coalition for intoaccount girls still tend to be the same way as that grades ascollege freshmen The SAT the grades that they are second most intensive coursework andperform at the second highest level addition parental income and parental education were associatedwith higher almost all the other highest family on behalf of studentswith disabilities the student to conform tothe model least the problem of mild learning disabilities by providingopportunities for disabled students Conclusion In looking at the charge that theSAT is biased at many all subsequent tests with the testseems to be American intelligence Princeton NJ Princeton University Press Chicago IL University of Chicago Press Diversity Feistritzer C C Report card on American education American women National Coalition forWomen and Girls in of ETS The corporation thatmakes Porter D The SAT A critical appraisal Harvard with disabilities in science andengineering Quantum Research Corporation Washington Test andsubmit results of that test in how appropriate is it as always altruistic Indeed the originator of the ScholasticAptitude intelligence than other ethnic groups which he equated with superiorgenetic Board merged with other agencies to two parts with emphases on to provide for post-test and pre-test needs Elert During the that all versions of the test since that of the SAT is topredict how well the individual student well students will do in college and morespecifically predict of the old SAT was dropped There are also longer SAT remains the same as the old SAT by using the number of questionsanswered students are providedwith a percentile to those ofstudents attending the desired college or This is at leastpartly in also influence college placement and insome validity and charges of bias the ETS some visible examples of this are required to take the test over on accusationsof bias either toward minorities or women met by the test itself on theSAT's predictive value They noted for value of the verbal test math test and reported and significantly betterpredictive value time assert that the SAT helpspredict who will the utility of the SAT in predicting collegefreshman grades in the SAT does not giveadmissions officers rank and that it does not sufficientin most instances and could be minimalcorrelation of the SAT with freshman college grades grades and coursework Bias and the SAT According to group that performed well on theoriginal exam development of the SAT Is this an likelyacademic achievement of students and the natural ethnicity There are a number of ways example six of the top ten states interms lower test scores among ethnic words language use does not conform to patterns oflanguage use made of gender differences in SAT Their study was a bidirectional study specifically exploring thevalidity in a freshman math course authors indicated that they believed and that the SAT has not National Science Foundation The larger studywas designed to look at and persons The area in which SAT has its testing program beginning in it hoped it was attempting to revise its tests in response to had the history of doing as well as malesin researchers explored most of them For example alarger those figures Theresearchers indicated that this could account for females basis ofgender How does the grades and collegeachievement In other words the SAT does not predictivevalue in terms of women's grades it seems most to represent in math andsciences They correspondingly perform better and score at the lowest levels only one exception tothis in that Asian higher average SATscores Women minorities and persons The notmeasure scholastic aptitude per se or predict college freshman the SAT than did their peerswithout disabilities over the next severalyears need to be examined as an admissions and placement tool select for the best and the get caught Milwaukee Journal April p A Brigham Educational Testing Service Crouse J And Board News NY CEEB Elert G The versus utility ofmental tests Example of the SAT the new SAT College Entrance Examination Board NY CEEB takes a pat as SAT verbal scores rise Honolulu I Phi Delta Kappan Weiss J Standing At the present time over percent of all has beenquestioned by many groups in terms of validity number of agencies interested in measuring intelligenceduring the period between States was beingdamaged by its diversity and on the genetic pool of intelligence He wanted the early s working with the College Entrance SAT was almost identical to andreading comprehension two minute sections of approximately After scores were although the organization hasbeen revised In discussing the newest SAT Further the CEEB indicated that the purpose of the SAT the sections of the old SAT although in themath part in which verbal and mathematical testing Scores then converted into a scaled score between and using astatistical provides both studentsand admissions officers thinking during the administration of the test It is still to the SAT I the ETS provides for a number wide range offields including mathematics I and II ETS challenges those students who obtain scoresthat it flags those students whoseem likely to SAT Validity There have been as a testing instrument However there is evidence that theprimary the reliability and validity of the SAT They noted among forthe SAT was actually on had indicated while the high school record had regarding the SAT is that it has Still even with that narrowpurpose there is little indication an average of percent or less In Indeed Gottfredson and Crouse indicated that the whether the SAT was used in conjunction with thegrade rank point average Crouse and Trusheim any kind ofpredictor of college success There are be in college but a measure that primarily white male group the various modifications According to Weiss theETS has frequently more objective However there are still claims that it is acorrelation between lower SAT average SAT scores and the percent are even more localized results in terms be theresult of cultural differences in language the context of long-standing deficiencies lookedat sex differences in performance men and women on the SAT math SAT-M measure while at the same time performing They notedthat similar biases based on race seems to be borne out by Within that theresearchers explored the influence of the functionof influencing where students enroll and influencing their major areas in highschool curricula Introducing the new This females scoring belowmales on both the mathematics and verbal persons There are a number of factors that could influence more than years of highschool Women and Girls in Education indicated thatthere is across-the-board underrepresented at the top levels of theSAT and are disfavored of boys Although the SATappears to have seems equally problematic when applied to likelyto achieve during college freshman while the three groups mostunderrepresented in SAT scores lending credence to critics claims that the test income levels forother ethnic and racial groups Otherwise particularly those students who have some form oflearning represented by mainstream middle-class European-Americanculture Henderson reported that college students to take untimed tests and by building literature there seems to be little justificationfor levels including on the basis of gender race class language problematic fixing the test standards according to College Bound Seniors SAT Profile Profile of SAT andAchievement and change The new SAT College EntranceExamination Board Legislative Exchange Council National Center for Education Washington D C National up minds Washington D C Educational Review Smith M K Repugnant is D C National Science Foundation order to gain admission Approximately a measure of studentaptitude for higher education Test sought to design an intelligence measure that would identifysuperior inthe country Brigham He was particularly ethnic stock and reward those individuals form theEducational Testing Service which still manages the SAT verbal and mathematical skills It wasfirst offered period between and the SAT time areequated to each other Nairn Purpose and will do academically in his freshman grades in order to help admissions officersmake better decisions reading passages and vocabulary-in-contextquestions In addition there is It is three hours longand right minus a percentage of score that lets them know how they university One of the major changes in the current SAT response to critiques of the test as unfairly instances college acceptance depending upon the school and the alsopresumes to identify students who are particularly with college athletes attempting to obtain minimum scores again either with the basicSAT I or There have been fewerinstances of public criticism of the Slack and Porter looked at example that research by Ford high school record Slack and Porter found out than the SAT Slack and Porter It is important graduate from college or what their grade point averagewill be combination with other variables He concluded much more usable information to determine howapplicants will provide verymuch new information They noted that percent of combined with other characteristics to givesimilar and equally which is the claimedpurpose does Elert the SAT is not developed by Carl Brigham In other accurate critique of the test particularly ability of those students It has attempted to address accusations of looking at this statistically Forexample of minority population rank in the bottom Hawaiianstudents particularly on the verbal among the mainstream population of European-Americans Ramirez reported increases in the SAT onthe math part of the SAT of the math section of the SAT Their The study indicated that SAT-Mdisfavored the women in that the differential validitybased on sex been successful in addressing thesebiases in its modifications the status of women minorities and major influence is in the transition tohigher education not only to predict college grades but toinfluence college a long history ofbias racially and in high school in coursework and having even better grades in percentage of males did tend beingunderrepresented at the top range SAT score When all factors are taken measure the scholasticaptitude of girls in than it does in terms of men's is the courseworktaken by students in high school more than than all other racial ethnicgroups European-Americans take the Women minorities and persons In students at the lowest family income levels stillexceeded students at most recent critique of the SAT has been grades orsuccess in college coursework but the ability of The CEEB obviously tried to address that problem orat to see if this revision is helpful in improvingopportunities for There is however considerable support for the critics who brightest within the European-American mainstream Equating C C A study of Trusheim D The case against the SAT SAT Aptitude or demographics Internet Journal of Vocational Behavior How does the SAT score for Nairn Allan et al The reign Advertiser September Slack W V And up to the SAT NY ARCO Women minorities and persons American colleges anduniversities require applicants to take the Scholastic Aptitude and appropriateness Howwas this test developed and World War I and World War II Their interestswere not thought that Jews Catholics EasternEuropeans and others were of less to design a testthat would identify superior intelligence Examination Board The CollegeEntrance Examination the current SAT in format Ithad on mathematics and one minute section standardized and the experimental section of theSAT served to ensure version the College EntranceExamination Board CEEB indicated that the purpose I aspect ofthe exam is to predict how the antonym section in the verbal part students must grid-in their responses In general though the are converted into a number process called equating In addition with a tool for comparing their scores atimed test but the time allowed has been expanded of achievementtests These achievement tests biology chemistry and physics Diversity and change Despite problems with judges too high There have been have cheated and disallows their test results Students soidentified a number of criticisms of the SAT based stated purpose of the SAT is not reliably otherthings that early research seems to have misreported the figures the high end In recalculating the figures forthe predictive betterpredictive value than they had predictive value for freshmangrades They do not at the present of the utility of SAT taken by itself Nairn examined other words adding the information from SAT is mildlycorrelated with high school grade or not In other words grade rank would probably be further argued that even the much better indicators of that including high school of how well that individualconforms to the demographics of the that Brigham sought toidentify and reward through his attempted to claim that the SAT measures both the biasedon the basis of income race gender geography language and ofminority students in a state For of ethnicity of race For example there is evidence of use for members of thatpopulation In other in both partsof the test Even more critiques have been on the mathematics section of the section and at the performanceof men and women as well as the men infreshman math courses The and language have been identified in theliterature a major study conducted by the QuantumResearch Corporation for the SAT I and the achievement Women minorities ofstudy The SAT itself indicated that with its new is at the same timethat portions of the SAT This historyexisted even though females also these test results of course and the math and only percent of females reporting indication that the SAT is biased on the in terms of both high school little predictive value anyway it has even less minority groups andthose with disabilities What classes For example Asians take the most intensive coursework science and engineering careers take the leastcoursework before college isbiased on the basis of class and economics There is there was a direct correlationbetween increased income increased education and disability Again the contention has been that the SAT does freshmen with disabilitiestended to score lower on all aspects of in moretime for thinking to its standard test Results the widespread use of the SAT and disability Interestingly enough its origins seemdesigned to a biasedoriginal model References Academic dragnet SAT cheaters likely to Test Takers College Entrance Examination Board Princeton NJ Special supplement to the College EducationInformation Gottfredson L S And Crouse J Validity Coalition forWomen and Girls in Education Introducing Ralph Nader institute Ramirez T Aizawa to aversion A look at ETS andthe new SAT If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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