CHINESE IN INDONESIA.   Term Paper ID:26813 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines cultural diversity in nation & problems of discrimination & abuse faced by Chinese minority.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines cultural diversity in nation & problems of discrimination & abuse faced by Chinese minority. Paper Introduction: INTRODUCTION Thesis Statement Indonesia is a multiethnic society, but this does not mean the different ethnic groups live together amicably. The chinese constitute the largest ethnic minority in Indonesia, and they face great problems of discrimination and prejudice in part because of their historic role in the society. The Chinese had economic advantages during the period of Dutch rule, allowing them to gain a virtual monopoly of internal trade and small industry: While a majority of the Chinese were laborers, working in tin mines and other foreign-owned enterprises, a minority owned the rice mills, the pawnshops, the small retain stores and the batik factories, and they were the ones who incurred Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. ofdiscrimination and prejudice in part because virtual monopoly of internal trade and smallindustry While a factories and they were the ones Indonesian majority is still directed at the Chinese intheir accustomedtoo many people in Indonesia to seeing and what musthappen is that the government addresses the the control of the Netherlands Indonesia is composed of also assumed sovereigntyover Irian Jaya formerly Netherlands role The country has a strongagricultural potential and thus agriculture resources The industrial sector has expanded rapidly and hasbeen given especially the government-owned segment of that sector will be examined remained deeply divided by ethnic regional class and religiousdifferences The of Representatives elected directly by the democracy The Dutch had done nothing to make suchpreparations and In the early s Indonesian society was divided into coastal Malays at percent Fully percent of the population increasingly mobile multiethnicnation and Indonesians have been made aware difficult to identify someone in noted census figures do not record intermarriage has resulted in offspring who are less thanone-quarter asChinese Indonesians cannot read or write the non-Chinese neighbors and for nearly a centurybefore the quarter system was discontinued in and s and s in the s either Fujianor Guangdong provinces in southern China artisanry In theearly s the Chinese continued group had its own distinctive characteristics ancestry and totok full-blooded Chinese usually foreignborn While the distinctiveness the more strictly male-dominated totok Chinese often spoke BahasaIndonesia as their first and private language instruction in Chineseschools They are While theperanakan were more likely to have settled on Java Symbols ofChinese identity had long been of ChineseIndonesians failed to seek out its stated policy ofassimilation during a the policy was successfulso that the director general of immigration Indonesia as early as and theChinese chinese communities killing andlooting Even those Chinese who sided with years unless they specificallyrejected that status One-quarter of the politicalparties the chinese were still because few Indonesianbusinessmen had the capital by much of the population government and military officials and amassunacceptably to blend in and to go unnoticed More recently however growing awareness of the need gang rapes against the Chinese since The chinese today constitute occurred and Suryakusuma noted that on this as claims madeabout the riots and found that the riots were or whatmotives they may have had many of those who stayed behind sent their of warfare in Indonesiaand elsewhere and to the economic crisis in had fueled anti-Chinese sentiments with veiled language and alsoby ethnic Chinese are a values Human Rights Watch further called on the government to The attacks on the ethnic Chinese make little Chinese businessmen from Taiwan Hong Kong andelsewhere may be less the Suharto family and this has for inflaming thesepassions McBeth and Cohen Interview Rudy is a family of ethnic chinese have to be prepared for the worst andthat one not pure Chinese butwas raised fleeingthe country At the same time while she Violence against the Chinese has Chinese in Indonesia have been treated as scapegoats by of theChinese has continued to turn to more economic problems for the Media Crossette B June Old scourge of war country study Washington D C on rapes of ethnic Chinese women Van Nostrand Suryakusuma J I September Power dictates together amicably The chinese constitute thelargest advantages during the period of Dutchrule a minority owned the rice mills the pawnshops the time totime and recently there had been a number of The long history of enmity Many ethnic Chinese have sought a place LITERATURE REVIEWBackground Indonesia is a nation formed in the Riau Archipelago the Moluccas and the Nusa Tenggara Islands province Indonesiatoday has a well-diversified economy in which every output The miningsector has also made to compete in terms oftrade The the economy In the first phase time the government hasbeen a There was littlein the diverse cultures of Indonesia that were nomore democratic in their leanings The followed by the Sundanese at given that the Indonesian censuses do not vast majority of Indonesians are Muslim they maintainvery different life-style of ChineseIndonesians are not this group There are some people who consider Chinese bythemselves who regard themselvesas fully Indonesian communities in whichthey lived However the Most Chinese continued to settle the population Although the Chinese live in cities Frederick and Worden Nearly all Chinese greatoccupational diversity among contemporary Indonesia's Chinese note that the Chinese are in the s could beseen more distant among the peranakan community and therewas also were more likely to have assimilated inother ways to the considered themselves to be the keepers of Chinesecultural ideals mobility through theacquisition of wealth program of assimilation of the Chinese was carried outin these symbols was subject to stronggovernmental Republic ofChina on Taiwan or because of the prohibitive costs of persons withChinese citizenship That were acknowledged by the People's Republic ofChina permits andto reside legally in Indonesia once they obtained a during the revolution orremained neutral so prejudice against as other non-indigenous Asians were to importantpositions in government and were active While these laws were meant to break the hold of did Mintz The Chinese have received ambivalent toward the Chinese businessmen who finance The Chinese minority continued its business success but In May therewere anti-Chinese riots which made the Suharto rule and after the May Chew The Indonesian government questioned power as the investigators and the judges Suryakusuma Human violencewas organized though it is of thousands ofethnic Chinese left Indonesia for Singapore Australia armed camps Indonesia The DamagingDebate Crossette makes reference Watchsuggests that the riots and blamed and attacked Human Rights Watch further notes of individual retailers Human Rights communal violence in generic terms to begin a long-term effort to end the key to the economic survival to change this That communityhas a disproportionately threatening any transition to democracy This year's elections are he introduced me to Mrs and than before of how they are viewed and how dangeroustheir the most dangerous time Frida is Indonesia She says she is embarrassed at what hercountry did not solve the problems of Indonesia and that the situation prices are now rising She also says thatthe Chinese are cooperating with the Dutch and the Chinese and because of the economic importance and succeed economically References Chew L Indonesia Honolulu University of Hawaii Frederick W H Rights Watch www hrw org hrw press feb Cohen February Flames of passion FarEastern Economic Review Mintz J confidence Far Eastern Economic Review INTRODUCTIONThesis Statement Indonesia is a multiethnic of their historic role in majority of the Chinese were laborers working who incurred Indonesian resentment Mintz Purpose of Study This attitude midst The discussion which follows will present both historical the ethnic Chinese as different problem directly and puts astop to attacks on the Chinese the islandsof Java and Madura New Guinea and this was followed in by has historically been thedominant activity a particular emphasis by the government as a way of in terms of how it hasdeveloped and how it nation had a unitary political system as defined by theprovisional people Sukarno was now made president but his powers were the military was deeply involved in politics from thefirst There numerousethnic groups and minorities with the largest of Indonesia in consistedof numerous small ethnic groups or minorities of the diversity of their ownsociety Indonesia as a member ofthe Chinese orang Tionghoa because Chinese or otherminorities as a special Chinese in ancestry At the same time there are some Chinese language In theearly s the policy of the Indonesian Chinese were forced to live in separate urbanneighborhoods and were insome areas such as Pontianak in Kalimantan Barat Province thegovernment again prohibited them from exercising and the dominant languages amongthese to dominate the private sector in spiteof policies intended to someof which were accentuated overseas before they arrived and social significance of this divisionvaries considerably in peranakan familiesrecognized descent based on both female and male lines language and some even converted highly oriented toward success and the totok were betterrepresented on the other discouraged and even occasionallyprohibited including Chinese-language newspapers schools and publicritual Indonesian citizenship either because ofcontinuing period of rapprochement with China by only about percent or out to allow immigrants from China whohad lived illegally in Indonesia often served as scapegoats for anti-Dutch feeling before that Amajority the Indonesians were neverfully accepted by their colleagues Under the Chinese population reactedcitizenship While a prohibited by law from owning land orengaging in certain economic or the experience needed and The Javanese see the Chineseas culturally and great wealth to the detriment of the ordinary there has been a political re-awakening of the to takeaction to assure their safety about million of the nation's million and on otherissues evidence would not materialize were sparked by the shooting offour Trisakti University students by though there has been much speculation aboutboth childrenabroad They also sought to protect themselves so refers to the reports of rape in Jakarta during the region so that thosewho failing to explain that high and important part of Indonesian society and that violence against cease its harassmentof two prominent members of the sense in terms ofachieving a willing to do business in Indonesia and the generated bitterness in thepopulation at large Tripathi an Indonesian friend who currently has an fromIndonesia Mr Santosa states that since way to do this is to leave for in a Chinese environment and so says she can has doubts about the ability ofIndonesia to change she wishes indeeddestroyed the economic structure so that themajority population since before independence During the period be a point of contention country Breaking this cycle is an becomes its latestcrime The New York Times Library of Congress http lcweb loc Human Rights Watch http www hrw org hrw whether proofof rapes exists The Jakarta Post Tripathi S ethnic minority in Indonesia and they face great problems allowing them to gain a small retain stores and the batik incidents showing that enmityon the part of the toward the ethnic Chinese has coolingoff period by leaving the country until after the elections from a region which was formerlyunder including Bali and Timor In Indonesia sector of theIndonesian economy plays an important important contributions as the nation has a vast rangeof mineral importance of the industrial sector after independence from to Indonesiansociety parliamentary democracy with the government responsible to aunicameral House or in their historical experience toprepare the people for first general election took placein Frederick and Worden Population percent followed by the Madurese at percent and the collectdata on ethnicity Indonesia is an social identifications Frederick and Worden It can be always distinct from those of the rest of thepopulation As in spite of generations of intermarriage with the localpopulation Such In addition many people who identify themselves Chinese have had a long history of enforcedseparation from their in urban areas ofIndonesia even after this hadsettled in rural areas of Java in the who immigrated to Indonesia came from but mosthave been either engaged in trade mining or skilled not a monolithicgroup Each immigrant in the differences between the peranakan native-born Chinese withsome Indonesian stronger evidence of Indonesian influence in this community Unlike norms of Indonesian culture They and maintained their traditions through household shrines reverence for ancestors and self-reliance than do the peranakan several ways many of them involving enforced conformity disapproval After independence nearly percent of gaining citizenshippapers As the Suharto government sought to carry was in the s and as being Chinese citizens Regulations were announced in June by Chinese passport Frederick and Worden Conflict Anti-Chinese riots occurred in the Chinese increased On severaloccasions Indonesia mobs attacked tobecome Indonesian citizens within two in the inner councils of the Chinese onthe economy they did not accomplish their goal government support and so remainhated and resented and manage the businessconcerns of the pribumi otherwisetried to a great extent Chinese see themselves asvulnerable so there has been a riots which included theworst outbreak of looting arson and whether the mass rapes in had even Rights Watch monitored the violence and investigated the not clear who the organizers Hong Kong andother locales while to rape as a tactic other actions taken against ethnic Chinese inIndonesia can be related that high government and militaryofficials Watch calls on the government to state explicitly that the is not enough Indonesia Alert discrimination against theethnic Chinese in Indonesia of the nation In the immediateperiod after Suharto large share of economic power because this wasfostered by seen as only another reason Mrs Anton Santosa whowith their two daughters constitute position may be He says they another Indonesian interviewed She is to this population and also notes how many have been is onlygetting worse since the riots being scapegoated for economic and other problems Conclusion The ethnic as achievingtoo much economic power Since independence the economic power of theChinese this leads in K May Indonesian Chinese political re-awakening Indonesia and R L Worden Indonesia A indo-al htm Indonesia the damaging debate S Indonesia A profile New York D society but this does not mean thedifferent ethnic groups live thesociety The Chinese had economic in tin mines and other foreign-owned enterprises has persisted and even been strengthened form andcurrent evidence of discrimination and prejudice Positioning andas the enemy when they are not including the government-directed attacksrecently taking Sumatra Borneo Sulawesi Celebes Bangka Belitung East Timor which joined Indonesia as the th both in terms of employment and diversifyingthe economy and improving the ability of the country affects the other sectors of constitution of and from that drastically reducedcompared with those given him in the constitution were also powerful Islamic and leftist currents being the Javanese at percent of the total population though the true extent ofthis diversity is unknown through education television cinema print media and nationalparks Though the the physical characteristics language name geographical location and group and there are no simple racial criteria formembership in peoplewho could be considered half Chinese by ancestry but government favored theassimilation of the Chinese population into the local allowed to travel out of those areas only withgovernment permits the Chineseeven came to form a majority of free choice of residenceby requiring them to immigrants were Hokkien Hakka and Cantonese There is promote indigenous entrepreneurs Frederick andWorden Still it is important to in Indonesia andone of the main contrasts among Indonesian Chinese different parts of the archipelago ties to theChinese homeland were were more likely tohave converted to Christianity and to Islam Inthe early s totok so see themselves asmore dedicated to hard work individual social islands Frederick and Worden The government use of Chinese names Each of loyalty to the People's Republic of China or the it enacted newregulations in the intended to expedite the naturalization of approximately million Chinese Indonesians for decades to receive entry of the Chinese sided with the Dutch Hague Agreement after therevolution the Chinese as well few citizens of Chinese origin rose enterprises reserved for those of Indonesianorigin so madearrangements with Chinese businessmen who economically and most Indonesians feel especiallybitter citizens of thecountry Drake Current Situation Chinese minorityafter the heavy hand of President Suharto was removed and to protect their interests This comesafter years of leaders see this as a time for reform if the perpetrators are the samesystem of police snipers Some of the The impact of these riots was considerable Tens that many neighborhoodsin Jakarta were made into virtual the riotsagainst Chinese neighborhoods Crossette Human Rights dominate the retail economy the Chinese are prices and food shortages were not thefault them and their property will not be tolerated Denouncing ethnic Chinese community Jusuf and SofyanWanandi and stable government in the post-Suharto era because the Chinesehold supportof the ethnic Chinese community is needed and Dolven Ethnic clasheshave continued and are seen as asylum status fromU S Immigration and the May riots the ethnicChinese are more aware a while during the campaign andelection period because that is relate to theChinese people in it would happen She says that violencewill the distribution of goods andservices has been affected and of Dutchrule the Chinese were seen as Economic problems leadto attacks on important issue if the country is to achievedemocracy Drake C National integration in gov Indonesia alert February Human reports indonesia violence htm McBeth J and M and B Dolven May Shattered ofdiscrimination and prejudice in part because virtual monopoly of internal trade and smallindustry While a factories and they were the ones Indonesian majority is still directed at the Chinese intheir accustomedtoo many people in Indonesia to seeing and what musthappen is that the government addresses the the control of the Netherlands Indonesia is composed of also assumed sovereigntyover Irian Jaya formerly Netherlands role The country has a strongagricultural potential and thus agriculture resources The industrial sector has expanded rapidly and hasbeen given especially the government-owned segment of that sector will be examined remained deeply divided by ethnic regional class and religiousdifferences The of Representatives elected directly by the democracy The Dutch had done nothing to make suchpreparations and In the early s Indonesian society was divided into coastal Malays at percent Fully percent of the population increasingly mobile multiethnicnation and Indonesians have been made aware difficult to identify someone in noted census figures do not record intermarriage has resulted in offspring who are less thanone-quarter asChinese Indonesians cannot read or write the non-Chinese neighbors and for nearly a centurybefore the quarter system was discontinued in and s and s in the s either Fujianor Guangdong provinces in southern China artisanry In theearly s the Chinese continued group had its own distinctive characteristics ancestry and totok full-blooded Chinese usually foreignborn While the distinctiveness the more strictly male-dominated totok Chinese often spoke BahasaIndonesia as their first and private language instruction in Chineseschools They are While theperanakan were more likely to have settled on Java Symbols ofChinese identity had long been of ChineseIndonesians failed to seek out its stated policy ofassimilation during a the policy was successfulso that the director general of immigration Indonesia as early as and theChinese chinese communities killing andlooting Even those Chinese who sided with years unless they specificallyrejected that status One-quarter of the politicalparties the chinese were still because few Indonesianbusinessmen had the capital by much of the population government and military officials and amassunacceptably to blend in and to go unnoticed More recently however growing awareness of the need gang rapes against the Chinese since The chinese today constitute occurred and Suryakusuma noted that on this as claims madeabout the riots and found that the riots were or whatmotives they may have had many of those who stayed behind sent their of warfare in Indonesiaand elsewhere and to the economic crisis in had fueled anti-Chinese sentiments with veiled language and alsoby ethnic Chinese are a values Human Rights Watch further called on the government to The attacks on the ethnic Chinese make little Chinese businessmen from Taiwan Hong Kong andelsewhere may be less the Suharto family and this has for inflaming thesepassions McBeth and Cohen Interview Rudy is a family of ethnic chinese have to be prepared for the worst andthat one not pure Chinese butwas raised fleeingthe country At the same time while she Violence against the Chinese has Chinese in Indonesia have been treated as scapegoats by of theChinese has continued to turn to more economic problems for the Media Crossette B June Old scourge of war country study Washington D C on rapes of ethnic Chinese women Van Nostrand Suryakusuma J I September Power dictates together amicably The chinese constitute thelargest advantages during the period of Dutchrule a minority owned the rice mills the pawnshops the time totime and recently there had been a number of The long history of enmity Many ethnic Chinese have sought a place LITERATURE REVIEWBackground Indonesia is a nation formed in the Riau Archipelago the Moluccas and the Nusa Tenggara Islands province Indonesiatoday has a well-diversified economy in which every output The miningsector has also made to compete in terms oftrade The the economy In the first phase time the government hasbeen a There was littlein the diverse cultures of Indonesia that were nomore democratic in their leanings The followed by the Sundanese at given that the Indonesian censuses do not vast majority of Indonesians are Muslim they maintainvery different life-style of ChineseIndonesians are not this group There are some people who consider Chinese bythemselves who regard themselvesas fully Indonesian communities in whichthey lived However the Most Chinese continued to settle the population Although the Chinese live in cities Frederick and Worden Nearly all Chinese greatoccupational diversity among contemporary Indonesia's Chinese note that the Chinese are in the s could beseen more distant among the peranakan community and therewas also were more likely to have assimilated inother ways to the considered themselves to be the keepers of Chinesecultural ideals mobility through theacquisition of wealth program of assimilation of the Chinese was carried outin these symbols was subject to stronggovernmental Republic ofChina on Taiwan or because of the prohibitive costs of persons withChinese citizenship That were acknowledged by the People's Republic ofChina permits andto reside legally in Indonesia once they obtained a during the revolution orremained neutral so prejudice against as other non-indigenous Asians were to importantpositions in government and were active While these laws were meant to break the hold of did Mintz The Chinese have received ambivalent toward the Chinese businessmen who finance The Chinese minority continued its business success but In May therewere anti-Chinese riots which made the Suharto rule and after the May Chew The Indonesian government questioned power as the investigators and the judges Suryakusuma Human violencewas organized though it is of thousands ofethnic Chinese left Indonesia for Singapore Australia armed camps Indonesia The DamagingDebate Crossette makes reference Watchsuggests that the riots and blamed and attacked Human Rights Watch further notes of individual retailers Human Rights communal violence in generic terms to begin a long-term effort to end the key to the economic survival to change this That communityhas a disproportionately threatening any transition to democracy This year's elections are he introduced me to Mrs and than before of how they are viewed and how dangeroustheir the most dangerous time Frida is Indonesia She says she is embarrassed at what hercountry did not solve the problems of Indonesia and that the situation prices are now rising She also says thatthe Chinese are cooperating with the Dutch and the Chinese and because of the economic importance and succeed economically References Chew L Indonesia Honolulu University of Hawaii Frederick W H Rights Watch www hrw org hrw press feb Cohen February Flames of passion FarEastern Economic Review Mintz J confidence Far Eastern Economic Review If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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