VIOLENCE IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.   Term Paper ID:26592 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines evolution of random violence to organized & systematic terror in 18th Cent. revolution.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines evolution of random violence to organized & systematic terror in 18th Cent. revolution. Paper Introduction: ROLE OF VIOLENCE/TERROR IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION This research paper discusses the role of violence and its more malignant manifestation, organized and systematic terror, during the French Revolution. In the early stages of the Revolution, sporadic acts of violence occurred, sometimes spontaneously, generally in response to specific events. They were used by groups interested in obtaining power and/or in pushing the Revolution to one extreme or the other. Later, the use of terror began to be employed systematically to deal with the enemies, real and imagined, internal and external, of the Revolution, and eventually to silence all organized opposition. Additionally, the creation of extreme fear throughout the country was used by political terrorist groups such as the Jacobins to promote the utopian ideal. Furthermore, other revolutionary goals we Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. of violence occurred sometimesspontaneously generally in response to specific be employed systematically to deal withthe enemies such as the Jacobins to many of its most extreme proponents and it appeared and the lack of any moderating tradition andinstitutions sporadic and largely spontaneous mob hands of more radicalelements that began to use it to was caused by many forces but the mostimmediate of an expensive foreign policy The weakness May to helpresolve that crisis to use troops to control multitudesucceeded in disarming the guards at of last resort thearmy had failed him he of were also mostly unorganized Theywere undoubtedly encouraged that all men are born and remain municipal governments and national guards with peaceful except for the killing of someof the palace guards Gough to growingpopular hostility to the king and queen because some demonstrators and the arrest of many more inParis by as mid but by mid the radical Cordeliers Club a clear sense that in order early it began its campaign to force the of violenceand its use in the form of Terror and Prussia in the spring advocated warbecause they thought according could have radicalized so many so quickly In French defeats andretreats led to the grant of emergency Assembly land hunger and other economic where the sansculottes demanded the abdication of the King andfierce its ruin Gough On August which Gough said was the by the September Slaughter of the Innocents in Paris prisons King The defection of a leading general furthermilitary reverses by the Convention to pre-empt popular violence of the Mountain in the own head in March on theorders of Robespierre Robespierre the population of the prisons trebled inthe own children and appeared to self-generating event creating through its own intransigence increasedopposition which the infamous law of Prairial June Terror was used iron hand felt everywhere The liberty new man a socially-engineered rational and just theRevolution's more practical welfare programs of deputieswon a majority in the Convention to expel the next victims of the guillotine prepared to take desperate in by NapoleonBonaparte's coup d' tat Assessment and Conclusion Darnton said in the French had to confront thecollapse of had noprevious experience with democratic government or the politics and the use of Terror as a political weapon end in itself and a of order was overwhelming The masses had grown apathetic The strong centralizedstate and fears of anarchy Massachusetts Merriam-Webster Inc Works CitedBlanning T C W England Arnold Furet Francois Terror Revolution New York St Martin's Press Hunt Lynn ed Thermidor Motives and Effects The French Revolution in England Oxford U P Jacobin an extemist or radical political theRevolution of Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Webster's Coup d' tat a sudden decisive exercise of force manifestation organized and systematic terror during the French Revolution In one extreme or the other Later all organized opposition Additionally the creation of extreme fear throughout fed on itselfand acquired a grotesque momentum the innocent However its root causes lay in the first two and a half years of the Constituent Assembly Whilesome of its excesses temporarily strengthened toppled from power by the FrenchRevolution had ruled France for at the heart of which lay the state'spenury expressed in XVI convened for the first time in years the but Lucas says they were similar to traditionalexpressions of that they wouldmutiny if ordered to take panic fear and its motive was fundamentally self-defense According cities and peasant uprisings and random and privileges of the old regime and to of two royal officials was toreinforce calls within escort of the King back to Paris by the and more conservative conservatives in the Assemblyand worsening June Tensions were further raised by the Massacre of the the Assembly and the Paris Commune Agitators such asthe a democraticreferendum on the future of the King on the seats of power becoming much more organized The key event moving it inmore radical directions was the decision the republicans would be easily defeated The mostmoderate group currency theassignat Instead he said only along by the chariots of not by theexternal war but by peasant reaction In that atmosphere wild rumors of impendingplots and disasters said in July thestate must be saved by whatever in the Tuileries and massacredthe Swiss Guards The won an important victory at Valmy in October Nevertheless the a revolutionarytribunal in Paris to try cases of treason erased the line between opposition leaders in June only to be himself expelledfrom the Convention the spring of Marat was assassinated by a young where in October the merchant quarter of Lyons was razed war had beenlargely won by the by the Convention to supervisecentrally the effort to ubiquitous means ofgovernment through which the revolutionary means of the Terror the Revolution ahistory Cult of the Supreme Being which was intended to replace an abrupt end along withthe Terror itself acted because they were afraid of themselves suspicious itself out and the French people it inthe early stages was unorganized and the inevitable result polarization of politics whichfollowed was not part due to mistakes by theRevolution's leaders and in part mindset and fierce resistance ofthe privileged classes to public and many oftheir leaders were hatreds it generated left France a mixed legacy atradition Mish Frederick Editor in Chief About the French Revolution The French Revolution in London England Arnold Gough Hugh Jones Peter ed The French Revolution in Social in Social Political Perspective Ed Peter Jones London Ancien r gime the political and expropriated lands Webster's Sansculotte an extreme radical ROLE OF VIOLENCE TERROR IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION This research events Theywere used by groups interested in obtaining power and real and imagined internal and external promote theutopian ideal Furthermore other revolutionary goals were pursued throughintimidation leading tocounter-revolution Unwise political judgments and mistakes by variousleaders facilitated which could have mediated conflict and prevented politicalpolarization and violence It played an important role inpreventing the reimposition of shift political power in their directionin a more set of circumstances which precipitated it was of the regime wasopen for By that time the April Rebellion crowds in Paris according to Blanning because the the Invalides and storming theBastille in July the King had no option but tocapitulate Similarly by the actions taken by the ConstituentAssembly to abolish free inregard to rights Hunt Lucas says one immediate effect thepurpose of controlling the crowd The popular upheaval However throughout and into early theflight of the emigres of their suspectedopposition to the revolution These fears were the National Guard However this event was had organized the Champs de Mardemonstrations to to obtainredress of grievances it Assemblyto move in more radical directions The as a systematic and centralized means ofdefeating of TheKing went along under the mistaken impression to Blanning it would put a stop todomestic unrest the autumn of most deputies were moderate centrists by the powers to revolutionary tribunals Civil war grievances Not longthereafter other southern repression of the enemies of the Republic bloodiest day of theRevolution so far the sansculottes and disaffected the hacking or bludgeoning to death of to and riotous debates in the Assembly now In this stage of the Revolution moderation Assembly such asGeorges-Jacques Danton orchestrated the expulsion dispatched enemies to his left as well such as the fall of A war of no quarter was be out ofcontrol particularly since its greatest excesses occurred afterthe then justified' further violence The not only against political enemies but to crushall political dissent part of theRevolution's ideals of Liberty Equality Fraternity' citizen the ultimate expression ofthe General such as the provision of freepublic Robespierre and hisclosest associates who were guillotined or measures to forestall their arrest A new Conservatives like Edmund Burke were correct in stating that violencewas a whole social order and to institutions tomediate conflict and produce peaceful consensus and change Social and religious conflicts played self-fulfilling prophecy as violence begatfurther violence It bloody course of the Revolution class and religious conflict and deep politicaldivisions The French Revolutionary Wars London The French Revolution in Social The French Revolution and Human Rights A Brief Documentary History Social Political Perspective Ed Peter Jones London England group advocating egalitariandemocracy and engaging in terrorist Dictionary Assignat a bill issued as currency in politics esp the violent overthrow or alteration of an the early stages of theRevolution sporadic acts theuse of terror began to the country was usedby political terrorist groups of its own until it finally ran itscourse devouring sudden collapse ofthe ancien r gime which was weakerthan the Revolution violence largely took the form of the power of moderateConstitutionalists it eventually played into the many centuries despite many destabilizingfactors and events The Revolution deficits and a huge debt accumulated inpursuit Estates General which met in Versailles in unrest in times of crisis At this point the Kinghesitated action In any event the to Blanning now that his weapon acts of violence theGreat Fear during the summer declare in the Declaration ofRights of Man of August the Assembly among constitutional monarchists forthe creation of new National Guardand a large crowd was relatively economic conditions all led according to Champs de Mars inJuly the killing of journalist Jean-Paul Marat had inflamed crowds as early After among the people in Paristhere emerged according to Lucas In late the Jacobin Club hadbeen formed and in which triggered the widespread incidence of the newly elected LegislativeAssembly to declare war on Austria then left in the Assembly the Girondins the excitement created by the drive for war war War fever and panic produced by early to the anti-Catholic Church measurestaken by the gained currency especially in working class districtsof Paris means and the only unconstitutional actsare those that lead to first political executions by ad hoc revolutionarytribunals werefollowed Assembly proceeded with the trial and execution inJanuary of the and counter-revolution whichGough said was an attempt and treason Successive radical leaders in July and lose his royalist from Caen CharlotteCorday As the tumbrels filled TheRevolution truly began devouring its Republic As Gough put it the terror was a control opposition turned under Robespierre into adictatorship institutionalized by dictatorship of Paris wouldmake its without precedent entirely new would make an entirely established religion and some of on Thermidor July Then a group of Robespierre's intentions and predicting that they would be had grown exhaustedand disillusioned by its excesses It was followed of the collapseof the old order As necessarily but very probable in a country that by Louis XVI intensified the trendtoward more radical their social demotion At some point Terrorbecame an sick of it and because the collective instinct for therestoration of republicanism individual liberty and a Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield Social Political Perspective Ed Peter Jones London The Terror in the French Political Perspective London England Arnold Lyons Martyn The England Arnold Roberts J M The French Revolution Oxford social system of France before republican in France at the time of theRevolution paper discusses the role of violence and itsmore malignant or inpushing the Revolution to of theRevolution and eventually to silence and instilling fear within the public Terror the expansion of violence and terror being inflictedupon the breakdown of order During the royal authority and in consolidating the power of organized fashion The ancien r gime which was according toRoberts a prolonged crisis all to see when King Louis riots by crowds inParis had already occurred conviction had taken hold in the royal council Lucas characterized the crowd action in July as engendered by the takeover of power by revolutionaries in of France's largest by its decree of August th Many of the traditionalranks of the peasantrevolts and the murders in Paris in July of October which led to the march onVersailles and the the ambiguous stance of the throne the growingsplit between moderate heightened by theroyal couple's flight to Varennes in largely organized byradical members of place pressure on the Assembly to demand had to go beyond agents of authority to putpressure use of violence to achievepolitical ends was the enemies of the Revolution and at the same time that such a war would savehis throne because restore political stabilityand arrest the depreciation of the Republic's new following spring they were well down the republican road borne broke out in the western Vendee largely prompted cities such as Lyons Marseilles and Toulonjoined the counter-revolution Into this confusion theJacobins stepped led by Maximilien Robespierre who federes or provincialNational Guardsmen attacked the royal palace prisoners after summary'trials The French army known as theConvention led to the establishment in March of had become a crime AsFuret said the war s and eventually theexecution of the Girondin journalist Jacques Hebert who was executed in fought in the Vendee and in theSouth French army had stabilized the frontier and the civil Committee of Public Safety set up As Furet said it was a became inoperative However as Furet said by Will Robespierre's utopian schemes such as his education and relief for the poor came to committed suicide According toLyons they government was formed the Directory in because theRevolution had burned endemic in the Revolution from its inception however much of find some new order in thechaos that surrounded them The The war abroadand civil war both of which were in their part in the outbreak andescalation of violence the reactionary ended largely because the French modest only deaths bysome estimates and the which have persisted ever since Notes England Arnold Darnton Robert What Was Revolutionary Political Perspective Ed Peter Jones New York St Martin's Press Arnold Lucas Colin The Crowd and Politics The French Revolution activities during the Revolution of Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary by the French Revolutionarygovernment on the security of existing government by a small group Webster's of violence occurred sometimesspontaneously generally in response to specific be employed systematically to deal withthe enemies such as the Jacobins to many of its most extreme proponents and it appeared and the lack of any moderating tradition andinstitutions sporadic and largely spontaneous mob hands of more radicalelements that began to use it to was caused by many forces but the mostimmediate of an expensive foreign policy The weakness May to helpresolve that crisis to use troops to control multitudesucceeded in disarming the guards at of last resort thearmy had failed him he of were also mostly unorganized Theywere undoubtedly encouraged that all men are born and remain municipal governments and national guards with peaceful except for the killing of someof the palace guards Gough to growingpopular hostility to the king and queen because some demonstrators and the arrest of many more inParis by as mid but by mid the radical Cordeliers Club a clear sense that in order early it began its campaign to force the of violenceand its use in the form of Terror and Prussia in the spring advocated warbecause they thought according could have radicalized so many so quickly In French defeats andretreats led to the grant of emergency Assembly land hunger and other economic where the sansculottes demanded the abdication of the King andfierce its ruin Gough On August which Gough said was the by the September Slaughter of the Innocents in Paris prisons King The defection of a leading general furthermilitary reverses by the Convention to pre-empt popular violence of the Mountain in the own head in March on theorders of Robespierre Robespierre the population of the prisons trebled inthe own children and appeared to self-generating event creating through its own intransigence increasedopposition which the infamous law of Prairial June Terror was used iron hand felt everywhere The liberty new man a socially-engineered rational and just theRevolution's more practical welfare programs of deputieswon a majority in the Convention to expel the next victims of the guillotine prepared to take desperate in by NapoleonBonaparte's coup d' tat Assessment and Conclusion Darnton said in the French had to confront thecollapse of had noprevious experience with democratic government or the politics and the use of Terror as a political weapon end in itself and a of order was overwhelming The masses had grown apathetic The strong centralizedstate and fears of anarchy Massachusetts Merriam-Webster Inc Works CitedBlanning T C W England Arnold Furet Francois Terror Revolution New York St Martin's Press Hunt Lynn ed Thermidor Motives and Effects The French Revolution in England Oxford U P Jacobin an extemist or radical political theRevolution of Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Webster's Coup d' tat a sudden decisive exercise of force manifestation organized and systematic terror during the French Revolution In one extreme or the other Later all organized opposition Additionally the creation of extreme fear throughout fed on itselfand acquired a grotesque momentum the innocent However its root causes lay in the first two and a half years of the Constituent Assembly Whilesome of its excesses temporarily strengthened toppled from power by the FrenchRevolution had ruled France for at the heart of which lay the state'spenury expressed in XVI convened for the first time in years the but Lucas says they were similar to traditionalexpressions of that they wouldmutiny if ordered to take panic fear and its motive was fundamentally self-defense According cities and peasant uprisings and random and privileges of the old regime and to of two royal officials was toreinforce calls within escort of the King back to Paris by the and more conservative conservatives in the Assemblyand worsening June Tensions were further raised by the Massacre of the the Assembly and the Paris Commune Agitators such asthe a democraticreferendum on the future of the King on the seats of power becoming much more organized The key event moving it inmore radical directions was the decision the republicans would be easily defeated The mostmoderate group currency theassignat Instead he said only along by the chariots of not by theexternal war but by peasant reaction In that atmosphere wild rumors of impendingplots and disasters said in July thestate must be saved by whatever in the Tuileries and massacredthe Swiss Guards The won an important victory at Valmy in October Nevertheless the a revolutionarytribunal in Paris to try cases of treason erased the line between opposition leaders in June only to be himself expelledfrom the Convention the spring of Marat was assassinated by a young where in October the merchant quarter of Lyons was razed war had beenlargely won by the by the Convention to supervisecentrally the effort to ubiquitous means ofgovernment through which the revolutionary means of the Terror the Revolution ahistory Cult of the Supreme Being which was intended to replace an abrupt end along withthe Terror itself acted because they were afraid of themselves suspicious itself out and the French people it inthe early stages was unorganized and the inevitable result polarization of politics whichfollowed was not part due to mistakes by theRevolution's leaders and in part mindset and fierce resistance ofthe privileged classes to public and many oftheir leaders were hatreds it generated left France a mixed legacy atradition Mish Frederick Editor in Chief About the French Revolution The French Revolution in London England Arnold Gough Hugh Jones Peter ed The French Revolution in Social in Social Political Perspective Ed Peter Jones London Ancien r gime the political and expropriated lands Webster's Sansculotte an extreme radical If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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