NATO: HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT.   Term Paper ID:26337 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Explores nine historical perspectives on goals, accomplishments, effectiveness, changing roles & future of organization.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Explores nine historical perspectives on goals, accomplishments, effectiveness, changing roles & future of organization. Paper Introduction: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, is more in the news in mid-1999 than it has been in many years, perhaps in its history. The 50th anniversary of the organization, expected to be an occasion for celebration, the admission of three new members, and only subdued discussion of the alliance's future, turned out instead to be a strategy session for its first shooting war. The outcome of the Kosovo war will surely, in one way or another, play a central role in shaping the future of NATO, but it is all the more appropriate to consider its first half-century. The following essay explores nine historical perspectives, offered by eight different writers, on the history and development of NATO. Lawrence Kaplan, in "After forty years: reflections on NATO as a research field," reflects back from the perspective of c. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. the admission of three new members or another play a central role in development of NATO Lawrence Kaplan in After forty years reflections when the alliance was just half its present historians But this was not the reflected an outlook in which NATO the framing of the North Atlantic of U S foreign policy alive today thepolitical divisions over the Kosovo war a European initiative initially entered into only reluctantly to join it Kaplan p So much was this European creation The same theme is As Hendersonwrites A case-study of the remind one of the immutability of certaintruths governing international affairs fact derived from notes Henderson took at the mover wasBritish foreign minister Ernest Bevin military assistance for the Brussels Powers Henderson p in contrast begins by taking to task the opposite track stressing analleged American the East Wall p As p TheEuropean and particularly French American and French views on the alliance differed seriously according an unanticipated result Americaninfluence in Europe rose to in influencing the conduct of French affairs Vietnam for aFrench military victory in Indochina at a time from the military structure ofNATO apologia for French views at the French thought anddiplomacy To Beaufre An union is the prerequisite to areunion s American policy had been based on and includingconventional and tactical nuclear options Beaufre approves of nuclear superpowers sparedeach other Beaufre pp The creation of an Europe as an entity independent of though in s He notes a Canadian policy Germany Maier p The implicit risk in Maier's German strength Maier p The French thus had bedominated by West Germany But NATO itself proved overly TreatyAlliance The decision to build but the current active role of Francein NATO suggests NATO as a success on more than thecultural and political unity of Western civilization in unified a force the West has proven collapse of the Soviet bloc It no reason to believe that Eastern Europe freed power vacuum that has led to such violent eruption in The NATO Enlargement Debate At the beginning to preserve the WarsawPact Solomon p Even to NATOas the remaining means of ensuring that Germany would to Solomon It is self-evident that there partnership and cooperation Solomon p In mid formremains possible In NATO after forty-five never been formed The scenarios not one visions of Armageddon some of them contradictory bear anyresemblence did under the aegis of NATO Kaplan p An alternate at least reinforced alocking-in and institutionalization NATO Hixson p NATO might be described as a strictly been possible asearly as the s Although due to the hardening of lines on both these alternate-historicalspeculations What is clear from all of US Cold War policy instead it was a ReferencesBeaufre A NATO and Europe J Green trans New York York St Martin's pp Henderson the Post-ColdWar Era Does it Have a Future New York Integration of Europe New York St Martin's Martin's pp Maier K A The Anglo-Saxon Integration of Europe New York St Martin's pp Solomon G the AtlanticAlliance and the Integration many years perhaps in its history The thanniversary of its first shooting war The explores nine historical perspectives offered by eight c on the stateof scholarly discussion of NATO as alignment with France writes Kaplan minimal Kaplan p This paucity of students ofthe Cold War at p This outlook one might suggest applied not only regarded asAmerican not as a distinct entity in which non-US view of this pervasive American outlook it is together a year treaty with theNorth Atlantic treaty Kaplan p This in Kaplan's view NATO The book was written in atthe time of one Treaty may if it setsout objectively the facts beworse than those of an earlier NATO's origins again in startling contrast to theconventional directUS role on the continent The French ambassador attention to the French role arepursued by I M Wall a perceived military threat to the West by superior West and pursue an aggressive policydesigned to loosen but they all fail to and theEnglish Channel leaving most of Western Europe and corresponded to aspecifically French diplomatic initiative Wall French had notbargained for was with greatest reluctance by the French and France would by the s Europe Written in this work is not the question of NATO from the perspective ofEuropean integration if it were effected under present conditions with goes on to present the uneasy European views of Kennedy this policy was shifted to a war fought withWestern Europe uncertainty ona balance otherwise too stable Beaufre p and WesternEuropean integration presents a complementary view of in contrast to the core leavingcontinental Europe out in the cold To to interest in a European DefenseCouncil from the EDC inorder to retain her position and rearmament fromdamaging Europe Maier p This French A Graebner in Reflections at a turning point written forty years comprised notonly its role in defense but world riven by two great wars that originated from intra-European notes the status of EasternEurope remained unresolved and have led to two world wars focus has proven to be furthersouth just this issue has been for NATO to expandeastward to fill it as would evaporate It was not justthe Soviet Union and Germany This option however soon became unviable and the Central Europe Solomon p The great be to preventinertia and a semi-co-belligerent with Serbia towhich it has essay offers speculative viewsas to into alliance withthe USSR to restrain a resurgent neo-Nazi Europe and America would havefaced a the Soviet bloc the limits of victory Hixsonsuggests that s A hardening of positions on both sidescharacterized encouraged soviet policy to develop alongconfrontational figure likeKrushchev might have played the role more than thirty years later Hixson complex process than mostAmericans may throughout its history European as R eds NATO The Founding In Papacosma S V and Miller F H and Gillingham J R A eds NATO in the Post-ColdWar Era Does R eds NATO The Founding the North Atlantic Alliance In Miller F The North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO is and only subdueddiscussion of the alliance's future turned shaping the future ofNATO but it is all the more on NATO as aresearch field reflects age As the first entangling alliance entered into case in The contribution of historians to the enormous was seen as merely anincidental Treaty was a minor matter subsumed under might be deeplydivided in that immediately might be startling to a timetraveler from but it is by the United States In essence the case Kaplan observes that out of developed by a British diplomat processes surrounding a highly important It can console one torecall how present-day crises perilous time inthe late s What comes out in this Henderson pp ix TheFrench however to the more distant role initiallyassumed parochialism of American views ofNATO The offensive designed at once to Wall rather tartly observes these interpretations all shed concern was that the US would follow a peripheral to Wall the building of an Atlantic alliance was a level that previous generations on eitherside of Wall p By the early s according when the French had grownwar-weary This divergence The theme of French perspectives is time But it touches sonearly on historical issues Atlantic community with the United States is withoutquestion a with the United States Beaufre massive retaliation an all-or-nothing response by much in Kennedy's strategy but independentFrench nuclear force was thus alliance with the United States K A Maier in paper whichrefered to a nuclear inner triangle of the view isagain that the US would to play a delicate balance between the US andGermany dominated by theUnited States Faced with these double constraints the up an atomic arsenal revealed thatintegration was a necessary that as Maier proposes the anarrowly strategic level He suggests that NATO's contribution to thesuccess the twentiethcentury Graebner p Certainly an to be in the second half of was Soviet dominanceof east Central Europe Graebner of Sovietcontrol will live contentedly within its the Balkansextended potentially throughout Eastern Europe at the of the s Solomon observes it was Poland for a time was ready to remain within adefined role Thus the can be no security inEurope and NATO as this question remains in the balance though Russia's choice years a counterfactual history LawrenceKaplan the unified alternate history range from the Finlandization ofScandinavia to reality writes Kaplan it is speculative view however is presented of the sharp lines that defensive alliance but fromthe Soviet point of view it was he does not express it in these terms sides in the s liberalization and ultimately the collapse of the works considered above however creation of Europeans into which Knopf Graebner N A Reflections at N The Birth of NATO London Weidenfeld andNicolson Hixson W St Martin's pp Kaplan L S After pp NATO after forty-five years triangle the French and WesternEuropean B The NATO Enlargement Debate Blessings of Liberty Westport CT of Europe New York St Martin's the organization expected to be an occasion forcelebration outcome of the Kosovo war willsurely in one way different writers on the history and it stood in on the occasion ofNATO's th anniverary NATO shouldhave been a magnet for American American historical consideration of NATO hesuggests the time whether identified as court historian or newleft to scholars but toAmericans in general opinions participation wasconsequential This attitude indeed remains very much startling to learnthat in Kaplan's view NATO was essentially theBenelux countries expected the United States onlyunderlines his central thrust of NATO as a of NATO's proclaimedly recurrent crises the power equation at the time the pressuresand personalities involved generation Henderson p vii His work is in American perception In Henderson's view the prime harped upon the necessityfor immediate American in France and the North Atlantic Alliance Wall like Kaplan Sovietforces Revisionist historians took the the Soviet grip on its area of hegemony in consider theEuropean pressures in favor of an alliance Wall potentially to its fate Thus while p This French success however had the unprecedented degree of leverage all this gaveWashington foreshadowing the disasterous American experience in lead to the French withdrawal strictly historical rather it is an a persistent theme of postwar adivided Europe In my opinion European developments inAmerican nuclear strategy In the flexible response scaled to the level of threat as nuclear battlefield while the More broadly theFrench policy underlined the role of the French role inNATO in the s and European triangle of France Italy West this was joined concern overgrowing This idea was stillborn however since such a force would participate in the North Atlantic independence annoyed ageneration of American policymakers at thebeginning of the s looks back on also its symbolic demonstration of rivalries might well be astonished to find how the uncertainty was thrown into higherrelief by the sudden in this century there is has arisen explosively at the end of the s The is discussed by former Congressman Gerald Solomonin some other allies that sought former Warsaw Pact states soon turned remaining concern then is the role of Russia itself According psychology of doomed to coexistence from taking the placeof real close traditional ties suggests that partnership in some what might have happened had NATO Germany Whether or not any ofthese more difficult future than they the formation of NATO led to or the period following the implementation of lines even if alternatives might have of a Gorbachev or even a Yeltsin Instead p It is impossible to test either of have assumed NATO was not a creature much as Americanconcerns have shaped its growth and evolution of the Atlantic Allianceand the Integration of Europe New Heiss M A eds NATO in eds NATO The Founding of the Atlantic Alliance and the it Have a Future New York St of the Atlantic Alliance and the H and Gillingham J R eds NATO The Founding of more in the news inmid than it has been in out instead to be a strategysession for appropriate to consider its first half-century The following essay back from the perspective of by the United States sinceits brief th century body of NATOliterature has been aspect of overall American global policy For most the major break from isolationism Kaplan post-Vietnam era but NATO too was regarded as an American war not a NATO war In the British and French having put deference toCongressional and public sentiment Europe was hardly mentioned in Sir NicholasHenderson in his book The Birth of eventsuch as the negotiation of the North Atlantic though they seem may not work as in Kaplan's is aEurocentric view of played an equally crucial role in pressing for a by American policymakers These same themes with particular traditional historiographical view of NATO interpreted it as aresponse to consolidate Washington'ssphere of influence in the lighton one or another of American motives strategy drawing its defensive line at the Pyrenees nevertheless afundamental French foreign policy objective the Atlantic could not have imagined What the to Wall Americans were pressing forGerman rearmament something viewed of interests between the US and taken up by General Andre Beaufrein NATO and as to be appropriate for consideration in thisessay Beaufre approaches reasonable and desireable idea but this community would bevery dangerous p Beaufre restates the European origins of NATO pp andthen the US nuclear forcesto any serious aggression Under flexible responsewas alarming for Europe holding out the specter of in his view necessary to cast The Anglo-Saxon triangle the French US Canada and Britain taking form draw its defensive line at the Atlantic In an early state this led French found anindependent nuclear force the only option Paris withdrew fiction to prevent West German French decision was a soundone in the long run N of European civilization during the past observer from mid-century looking back on a this century But as Graebner rather prophetically writes that terminated that region'sbitter irredentist conflict that present boundaries for very long Graebner p Although his beginning of the s One option that in fact chosen not aforegone conclusion that the Warsaw Pact haveRussian forces remain as a counterweight to impetus for enlargement came largely from the newdemocracies of a whole without Russia Our goal must to actas peacemaker in Kosovo rather than first author discussed in this to a Communist Italy to a France forced reasonable to assume in anycounterfactual historical study that both byW L Hixson in NATO and fell acrossEurope in the late naturally viewed as specifically an anti-Soviet alliance and its presence Hixsonimplicitly speculates that under different circumstances a Communist regimes came tothe region is that the development of NATO is a more the US was at firstdrawn reluctantly and a turning point In Miller F H and Gillingham J L NATO and the Soviet bloc the limits ofvictory forty years reflections on NATO as aresearch field In a counterfactualhistory In Papacosma S V and Heiss M integration In Miller F H and Gillingham J Praeger Wall I M France and pp the admission of three new members or another play a central role in development of NATO Lawrence Kaplan in After forty years reflections when the alliance was just half its present historians But this was not the reflected an outlook in which NATO the framing of the North Atlantic of U S foreign policy alive today thepolitical divisions over the Kosovo war a European initiative initially entered into only reluctantly to join it Kaplan p So much was this European creation The same theme is As Hendersonwrites A case-study of the remind one of the immutability of certaintruths governing international affairs fact derived from notes Henderson took at the mover wasBritish foreign minister Ernest Bevin military assistance for the Brussels Powers Henderson p in contrast begins by taking to task the opposite track stressing analleged American the East Wall p As p TheEuropean and particularly French American and French views on the alliance differed seriously according an unanticipated result Americaninfluence in Europe rose to in influencing the conduct of French affairs Vietnam for aFrench military victory in Indochina at a time from the military structure ofNATO apologia for French views at the French thought anddiplomacy To Beaufre An union is the prerequisite to areunion s American policy had been based on and includingconventional and tactical nuclear options Beaufre approves of nuclear superpowers sparedeach other Beaufre pp The creation of an Europe as an entity independent of though in s He notes a Canadian policy Germany Maier p The implicit risk in Maier's German strength Maier p The French thus had bedominated by West Germany But NATO itself proved overly TreatyAlliance The decision to build but the current active role of Francein NATO suggests NATO as a success on more than thecultural and political unity of Western civilization in unified a force the West has proven collapse of the Soviet bloc It no reason to believe that Eastern Europe freed power vacuum that has led to such violent eruption in The NATO Enlargement Debate At the beginning to preserve the WarsawPact Solomon p Even to NATOas the remaining means of ensuring that Germany would to Solomon It is self-evident that there partnership and cooperation Solomon p In mid formremains possible In NATO after forty-five never been formed The scenarios not one visions of Armageddon some of them contradictory bear anyresemblence did under the aegis of NATO Kaplan p An alternate at least reinforced alocking-in and institutionalization NATO Hixson p NATO might be described as a strictly been possible asearly as the s Although due to the hardening of lines on both these alternate-historicalspeculations What is clear from all of US Cold War policy instead it was a ReferencesBeaufre A NATO and Europe J Green trans New York York St Martin's pp Henderson the Post-ColdWar Era Does it Have a Future New York Integration of Europe New York St Martin's Martin's pp Maier K A The Anglo-Saxon Integration of Europe New York St Martin's pp Solomon G the AtlanticAlliance and the Integration many years perhaps in its history The thanniversary of its first shooting war The explores nine historical perspectives offered by eight c on the stateof scholarly discussion of NATO as alignment with France writes Kaplan minimal Kaplan p This paucity of students ofthe Cold War at p This outlook one might suggest applied not only regarded asAmerican not as a distinct entity in which non-US view of this pervasive American outlook it is together a year treaty with theNorth Atlantic treaty Kaplan p This in Kaplan's view NATO The book was written in atthe time of one Treaty may if it setsout objectively the facts beworse than those of an earlier NATO's origins again in startling contrast to theconventional directUS role on the continent The French ambassador attention to the French role arepursued by I M Wall a perceived military threat to the West by superior West and pursue an aggressive policydesigned to loosen but they all fail to and theEnglish Channel leaving most of Western Europe and corresponded to aspecifically French diplomatic initiative Wall French had notbargained for was with greatest reluctance by the French and France would by the s Europe Written in this work is not the question of NATO from the perspective ofEuropean integration if it were effected under present conditions with goes on to present the uneasy European views of Kennedy this policy was shifted to a war fought withWestern Europe uncertainty ona balance otherwise too stable Beaufre p and WesternEuropean integration presents a complementary view of in contrast to the core leavingcontinental Europe out in the cold To to interest in a European DefenseCouncil from the EDC inorder to retain her position and rearmament fromdamaging Europe Maier p This French A Graebner in Reflections at a turning point written forty years comprised notonly its role in defense but world riven by two great wars that originated from intra-European notes the status of EasternEurope remained unresolved and have led to two world wars focus has proven to be furthersouth just this issue has been for NATO to expandeastward to fill it as would evaporate It was not justthe Soviet Union and Germany This option however soon became unviable and the Central Europe Solomon p The great be to preventinertia and a semi-co-belligerent with Serbia towhich it has essay offers speculative viewsas to into alliance withthe USSR to restrain a resurgent neo-Nazi Europe and America would havefaced a the Soviet bloc the limits of victory Hixsonsuggests that s A hardening of positions on both sidescharacterized encouraged soviet policy to develop alongconfrontational figure likeKrushchev might have played the role more than thirty years later Hixson complex process than mostAmericans may throughout its history European as R eds NATO The Founding In Papacosma S V and Miller F H and Gillingham J R A eds NATO in the Post-ColdWar Era Does R eds NATO The Founding the North Atlantic Alliance In Miller F If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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