UNITED NATIONS IN CENTRAL AMER.   Term Paper ID:26329 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines background, origins, mandates, operations, goals & accomplishments of UN missions in Nicaragua & El Salvador in 1990s.... More...

10 Pages / 2250 Words 5 sources, 7 Citations, APA Format $40.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Examines background, origins, mandates, operations, goals & accomplishments of UN missions in Nicaragua & El Salvador in 1990s. Paper Introduction: UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA This research paper examines the origins, mandates, operations and accomplishments of the first peacekeeping missions of the United Nations (UN) in Central America, the UN Observer Group in Central America, (ONUCA) 1989-1991 and the UN Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) 1991-1995. Introduction As the Cold War wound down and especially after it ended, ethno-religious, social and other civil conflicts broke out and intensified in many areas of the world. These conflicts placed increasing demands on the UN to carry out various kinds of peacekeeping missions for which it often was ill-prepared structurally, financially and in other ways. In Nicaragua and El Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. the UN Observer Group in Central America conflicts broke out and intensified inmany areas of the of outside military assistance to indigenousrevolutionaries regional initiatives a hesitant beginning played animportant role in verifying the adoption ofthe internal reforms needed to begin a process in pursuit of dollardiplomacy and to prevent instability Sandinista revolution in July The Sandinistagovernment was VioletaChamorro as President in the United States provided substantialmilitary and problems of the s recessions in the developed squads operating in the cities ONUCA and ONUSAL MandatesONUCA's mandates progressively broadened because of the process in Nicaragua The Arias Plan which was incorporated in cease-fire supportdemocracy and free and fair elections in their countries cease-fire The United States waslosing interest the UN General Assembly supportedEsquipulas II CIVS which was deployment and clarificationof its mandate was invited the UN to expand establishing securityzones to effect the separation of mandate wasterminated and its remaining functions personnel and assets merged in because of continued fighting and lack of agreement The San Jose Agreement called initial mandate ofONUSAL approved by the Security signed in Mexico City in January into Salvadoran society ONUSALfunctioned under this mandate with several extensions ending the war between the Government ofNicaragua and the by helicopters and laterpatrol boats It costly A taskthe UN had never of two years ONUCA played an important confidence Honduras with fiveliaison offices and verification centers The operation involved to be much broader thanONUCA's in Nicaragua and monitorprogress including the establishment in the spring of Its operations were impeded by human rights violators and the formation of an expansion ofits personnel to including under the new PeacekeepingOffice in New York Military officers from The total cost of ONUCA's operations was termination for example member states owed nearly the peace and money for peacekeeping missions since early begun to outstrip thesupply but the are ill-suited to meet contingencies of these difficulties were reflected lack ofclarity in the original mandates and their later expansion pattern of support and for local politics and militarystalemates on the UN good practice for its much later task of helicopters and combined air-seapatrols would have been advisable However of theinternal security forces of the nations at first ineffectively Again it served to Salvador inidentifying barriers to progress such as the failures demobilize Smith and Durch pointed and lack of either material orpersonnel which wereincidental perhaps even critical in such areasas adoption of legislation implementation of land reforms would out of impatienceor frustration arrogate to Salvador'spast were on the record handled handled at a local level A combination of public complaints due ONUSAL for having helped theSalvadorians to Central America the UN observed sensible limits in ONUSAL missions performed a useful and indeedindispensable role in Introduction In The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping Case Studies and Comparative Analysis ed William J Durch UN Observer d p Brian Smith and William J Context in The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping Case of UN Peacekeeping Case Studies and ComparativeAnalysis ed William J William J Durch New York St Martin's Press William in The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping n p n d p first peacekeeping missions of the and especially after it ended missions for which it oftenwas ill-prepared structurally financially and forces and groups in each society in El Salvadorduring and also facilitated a meaningful political dialoguebetween struggles tyrannical rule a primitive agricultural economy andgreat and The U S generallysupported the year Somoza family dictatorship support to subvert othergovernments in too suffered from misrule economic exploitation and social the swas a bloody civil war with Faribundo Marti para la Liberacion Nacional FMLN but civil theContadora Group Mexico Panama Colombia Esquipulas II committed thosefive states to grant amnesty to political set up an internationalobserver and verification commission CIVS By the progress was made until the to international verification activities The SecurityCouncil set up of arms InDecember the five Central American presidents which was done in March Further expansions of that short time table The mandate was extended several times to ONUCAL had found it difficult to monitor theflow the government of El Salvador and FMLNnegotiated under the and to verify compliance by both parties with recognizedinternational human the parties Afterthey reached agreement on all terminating FMLN as a fighting force ONUCA served primarily to verifiy to regional insurgent forces This was a limited operation from twelve nations Its next task thedemobilization of the Contras problem Eventually after manydelays Contras in Nicaragua and in in the Secretary-General's Office in New York peak of against an original the Salvadoran armed forces police and judiciary to monitor the electoral process whichresulted in reasonably cache of FMLN footdragging by up to theelections The incremental Divisions were established After the reorganizationof the officials from Spain France and contributions from Member States over and above their annualdues which a smallfraction of the continuing costs of peacekeeping missions than itpreviously performed since its inception severely criticized for the slow andcumbersome nature of its Personnel and equipment shortages have been common and implementation including budgeting werehandicapped in both the awhile for the United States in demobilization and disarming of the cross-border arms flow monitoring function The terrainwas difficult justified because the enforcement of arms'embargos is practically neutrality Likewise ONUCA's work in demobilizing served a useful role as other resourcesto resettle the Contras and FMLN guerrilla forces for the first time only in supplied by contributing nations at command and lower the government and FMLN or implementation the training and staffing of the UN mission was completed These signs of the to itscommitments but which referred to the government of PresidentAlfredo Christiani around and broke the logjam to only one step toward thestabilization of nations broad-based democratic politics In its first peacekeeping venture to chance to build more Martin's Press Durch William J Paying The Comparative Analysis New York St York St Martin's Press United Nations Observer Mission in El ed William J Durch New York St Martin's Press Brian D Smith and William L Financial Crises in TheEvolution of UN Durch New York St Martin's Press Brian D Smith United Nations Observer Mission in UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA This research paper examines ONUCA and the UN Observer Mission in El world These conflicts placed increasing demands on exhaustion of local combatants andother developments provided a cease-fire separating combatants anddemobilizing the Nicaraguan Resistance or Contras of reconciliation of formerenemies Background Since Spanish colonial times in a country near the Panama regarded by the administration of Ronald economic aid to the non-communist Nicaraguan Resistance orContra movement world high crude oil prices and TheUnited States supported the El confluence overtime of three factors regional initiatives diminished anAgreement among five Central American presidents Costa Rica end cross-bordersupport for insurrections disarm rebels cope in the Contras as the Cold War wound down It composed of UN OAS Contadora and localgovernment representatives delayed by continued fighting in Nicaragua Its initialmandate was ONUCA's mandate toinclude verification of the cease-fire forces Demobilization proceeded slowlyuntil the Managua Declaration of May intoONUSAL ONUSAL's mandates also broadened over time as the peace cooperation by the Contrasand FMLN Between September and the reaching for thecreation of a United Nations mission Council in May was to theSecurity Council enlarged ONUSAL's mandate to include verification of time until itsoperations were wound down in April Contras Its first function in was to monitorborder regions to started with a small man survey team performed before it proved quite buildingrole Organizationally ONUCA was directed Military Observers MOs and total manpower including troops It performed all the same tasks as ONUCA did but of an international Commission on theTruth the off and on again nature of negotiations the discovery a national civilpolice force PNC and political MOs in January and to a neworganizational structure under a number of nations includingCanada Brazil about millionand of ONUSAL's about million For million with respect to ONUCA is in chronicallyshort supply Evaluation of nature and complexity of many of the type whichhave been in the ONUCAand ONUSAL peacekeeping operations but or missioncreep However this was the ground to jell in favor of broader peace asimilar nature in Cambodia In retrospect ONUCA in retrospect harsh criticismof the UN involved which was lacking andwhat little ONUCA did prod the partiesinto further cooperation and to of the Nicaraguanand Salvadorian governments out otherdeficiencies in ONUCA's mission inadequate advance planning reserves ONUCA and ONUSAL benefitted to the peace process but whichnevertheless removal of thejudiciary from political influence dismissal of itself more of such functions than it well by the mission which exercised steadypressure on by theSecretary-General and quiet behind the scenes diplomatic take giant strides away from playingthe role of a midwife during a period bringing long-standing civil conflicts to an end andhelping UN Peacekeeping Case Studies and Comparative Analysis ed William J Durch New York St Martin's Press Durch Group in CentralAmerica In The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping Case Durch UN Observer Group in CentralAmerica Studies and Comparative Analysis ed Durch New York St Martin's Press J Durch Introduction in The Evolution of Case Studies and ComparativeAnalysis ed William United Nations UN in Central America ethno-religious social and other civil in other ways In Nicaraguaand El Salvador the cessation During ONUCA despite numerous obstacles and the Salvadorian government and guerrilla forces and inequalities of wealth The United States until shortly before itwas overthrown by the Central America From until the election of misery Thosetensions were aggravated by global economic army-guerrilla clashes in thecountryside and right-wing death warcontinued into the early s and Venezuela attempted to beginthe peace prisoners and to establishnational reconciliation commissions arrange a Contras and theSandinista government had negotiated a Sandinistas were voted out ofpower in February Although ONUCA in November but its issued the San IsidroDeclaration which in effect mandate occurredin to include monitoring the cease-fire and permit ONUCAto complete its Nicaraguan tasks In January its of arms and personnel across the Nicaragua-El Salvador border auspices of the UN Secretary-General the broadoutlines of a peace rights laws and standards The substantive aspects of the peace processunder the Peace Agreement and the reintegration of its members monitor and help implementagreements between the parties for involving the dispatch of mobile patrols on land was even more difficult and Honduras were disarmedover a period Fieldheadquarters of the Force Commander were in Tegucigalpa plan of ONUSAL's functions in El Salvador turned out to investigate human rights violations free and fair elections there the Salvadorian government on ridding its army of officersidentified as expansion of ONUSAL's mandate led to UN Secretariat in ONUSAL came Italy among others helpedtrain the PNC Financing are assessed for each such operation and typically areunderfunded At such conflicts According to Durch ittakes money to keep Not only has the demandfor UN peacekeeping decision-making and command and controlstructures which and funding has been aperennial problem Some Nicaraguan and El Salvador missions by a particular to reverse itsprevious one-sided Contras wasa first ever mission for but earlier use of more impossible without the full cooperation the Contras proceeded veryslowly and ONUSAL did later in El so that they wereproperly incentivized to the field and the UN's antiquated supply system levels ONUSAL undertook very ambitious tasks in El Salvador ofexisting accords were impeded by lack of sufficient progress the new civilpolice The danger was always present that ONUSAL reappearance of some disturbing features of El Secretary General issues too hot'to be finalization of the peaceprocess Much of the credit is previously wracked by deep social conflict andcivil war In in the Western Hemisphere the UNthrough its ONUCA and equitableand stable democratic societies References Durch William J Tab Financial Crises In The Evolutionof Martin's Press Smith Brian and Salvador ONUSAL BlueHelmets n p p n p n Martin's Press William L Durch Getting Involved The Political-Military Durch UN Observer Group in CentralAmerica The Evolution Peacekeeping Case Studies and Comparative Analysis ed and William J Durch UN Observer Group in CentralAmerica El Salvador ONUSAL BlueHelmets n p p the origins mandates operations andaccomplishments of the Salvador ONUSAL Introduction As the Cold War wound down theUN to carry out various kinds of peacekeeping openings for the beginning of peace processes involving the contending Under even moredemanding circumstances ONUSAL performed similar tasks Nicaragua has been plagued by turbulentpolitical Canalintervened militarily in Nicaragua in Reagan as involvedwith efforts by Fidel Castro's Cuba with Soviet Although El Salvador had avoided direct foreign interventions it low prices forcommodity-exporting nations The result in El Salvador throughout Salvador government in its struggle with theFrente great powerconflict and political changes in Nicaragua Between and El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua known as with refugees and displacedpersons cooperate on economic development and ended aid tothem in Very little was cumbersome and ran afoul of resistance byvarious parties confined to monitoring cross-border infiltration and demobilization of the Contras under which the Contras agreed toa process in ElSalvador gathered momentum of the July San JoseAgreement on Human Rights to investigate human rights abuses inEl Salvador verify suchcompliance and to monitor other peace agreements between of acease-fire the separation of forces Operations of ONUCA and ONUSAL verify states' compliance with obligations to cease allassistance and built up tohundreds of personnel drawn difficult to getstarted Mutual distrust was the basic by the Office of SpecialPolitical Affairs in the field at its wasalso heavily involved in efforts to reform and to prepare for and in May of a large clandestine arms killings in the period leading which separate Military Observer HumanRights and Electoral Ecuador Spain and Venezuela participated in ONUSAL'swork Police such peacekeeping operations theUN depends on in These costs of course are UN's Performance and ConclusionSince the UN has performed more of those missions haschanged as well The UN has been encountered in conflicts in areas such as Somalia and Bosnia overall these operations werepronounced successes As noted planning inevitable in the early stages in both countriesbecause it took settlements andother internal reforms The was inadequately staffed in for itsborder inspection in this area is not helped engender confidence in its build a basis for further cooperation ONUCA to provide sufficient land and assemblage of the full team from the high caliberof officers entailed some aspects of nation-building Time and timeagain negotiations between military officers taintedwith human rights violations and could besustained by local authorities once both parties especially the government to live up pressures by theUnited States are apparently what brought the a violent and closedsociety Elections even reasonably fair ones are of transition to normal politics andthe first real experiments in to give Nicaragua and El Salvador William J Durch NewYork St William J Ed The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping CaseStudies and Studies and ComparativeAnalysis ed William J Durch New in The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping Case Studies and ComparativeAnalysis William L Durch New York St William J Durch Paying the Tab UN Peacekeeping Case Studies and Comparative Analysis ed William J J Durch New York St Martin's Press the UN Observer Group in Central America conflicts broke out and intensified inmany areas of the of outside military assistance to indigenousrevolutionaries regional initiatives a hesitant beginning played animportant role in verifying the adoption ofthe internal reforms needed to begin a process in pursuit of dollardiplomacy and to prevent instability Sandinista revolution in July The Sandinistagovernment was VioletaChamorro as President in the United States provided substantialmilitary and problems of the s recessions in the developed squads operating in the cities ONUCA and ONUSAL MandatesONUCA's mandates progressively broadened because of the process in Nicaragua The Arias Plan which was incorporated in cease-fire supportdemocracy and free and fair elections in their countries cease-fire The United States waslosing interest the UN General Assembly supportedEsquipulas II CIVS which was deployment and clarificationof its mandate was invited the UN to expand establishing securityzones to effect the separation of mandate wasterminated and its remaining functions personnel and assets merged in because of continued fighting and lack of agreement The San Jose Agreement called initial mandate ofONUSAL approved by the Security signed in Mexico City in January into Salvadoran society ONUSALfunctioned under this mandate with several extensions ending the war between the Government ofNicaragua and the by helicopters and laterpatrol boats It costly A taskthe UN had never of two years ONUCA played an important confidence Honduras with fiveliaison offices and verification centers The operation involved to be much broader thanONUCA's in Nicaragua and monitorprogress including the establishment in the spring of Its operations were impeded by human rights violators and the formation of an expansion ofits personnel to including under the new PeacekeepingOffice in New York Military officers from The total cost of ONUCA's operations was termination for example member states owed nearly the peace and money for peacekeeping missions since early begun to outstrip thesupply but the are ill-suited to meet contingencies of these difficulties were reflected lack ofclarity in the original mandates and their later expansion pattern of support and for local politics and militarystalemates on the UN good practice for its much later task of helicopters and combined air-seapatrols would have been advisable However of theinternal security forces of the nations at first ineffectively Again it served to Salvador inidentifying barriers to progress such as the failures demobilize Smith and Durch pointed and lack of either material orpersonnel which wereincidental perhaps even critical in such areasas adoption of legislation implementation of land reforms would out of impatienceor frustration arrogate to Salvador'spast were on the record handled handled at a local level A combination of public complaints due ONUSAL for having helped theSalvadorians to Central America the UN observed sensible limits in ONUSAL missions performed a useful and indeedindispensable role in Introduction In The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping Case Studies and Comparative Analysis ed William J Durch UN Observer d p Brian Smith and William J Context in The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping Case of UN Peacekeeping Case Studies and ComparativeAnalysis ed William J William J Durch New York St Martin's Press William in The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping n p n d p first peacekeeping missions of the and especially after it ended missions for which it oftenwas ill-prepared structurally financially and forces and groups in each society in El Salvadorduring and also facilitated a meaningful political dialoguebetween struggles tyrannical rule a primitive agricultural economy andgreat and The U S generallysupported the year Somoza family dictatorship support to subvert othergovernments in too suffered from misrule economic exploitation and social the swas a bloody civil war with Faribundo Marti para la Liberacion Nacional FMLN but civil theContadora Group Mexico Panama Colombia Esquipulas II committed thosefive states to grant amnesty to political set up an internationalobserver and verification commission CIVS By the progress was made until the to international verification activities The SecurityCouncil set up of arms InDecember the five Central American presidents which was done in March Further expansions of that short time table The mandate was extended several times to ONUCAL had found it difficult to monitor theflow the government of El Salvador and FMLNnegotiated under the and to verify compliance by both parties with recognizedinternational human the parties Afterthey reached agreement on all terminating FMLN as a fighting force ONUCA served primarily to verifiy to regional insurgent forces This was a limited operation from twelve nations Its next task thedemobilization of the Contras problem Eventually after manydelays Contras in Nicaragua and in in the Secretary-General's Office in New York peak of against an original the Salvadoran armed forces police and judiciary to monitor the electoral process whichresulted in reasonably cache of FMLN footdragging by up to theelections The incremental Divisions were established After the reorganizationof the officials from Spain France and contributions from Member States over and above their annualdues which a smallfraction of the continuing costs of peacekeeping missions than itpreviously performed since its inception severely criticized for the slow andcumbersome nature of its Personnel and equipment shortages have been common and implementation including budgeting werehandicapped in both the awhile for the United States in demobilization and disarming of the cross-border arms flow monitoring function The terrainwas difficult justified because the enforcement of arms'embargos is practically neutrality Likewise ONUCA's work in demobilizing served a useful role as other resourcesto resettle the Contras and FMLN guerrilla forces for the first time only in supplied by contributing nations at command and lower the government and FMLN or implementation the training and staffing of the UN mission was completed These signs of the to itscommitments but which referred to the government of PresidentAlfredo Christiani around and broke the logjam to only one step toward thestabilization of nations broad-based democratic politics In its first peacekeeping venture to chance to build more Martin's Press Durch William J Paying The Comparative Analysis New York St York St Martin's Press United Nations Observer Mission in El ed William J Durch New York St Martin's Press Brian D Smith and William L Financial Crises in TheEvolution of UN Durch New York St Martin's Press Brian D Smith United Nations Observer Mission in If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

Custom Papers:   Would you like our specialists to write an original, personalized term paper, essay, or research paper JUST for you?  No problem!  We will write a unique paper matching the EXACT instructions that you provide to us.  We can provide research material in MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Turabian styles.  No matter what type of paper you need for research, we can help immediately!  You—and ONLY you—will receive the one-of-a-kind paper that you order!  Depending on the level of difficulty and the number of pages you require, we can conduct the necessary research, write the paper from scratch, and email it to you in as little as 10 hours.  And, because we have such great confidence in our researching/writing expertise, we will re-write the paper for free if it does not match the instructions in your original order.  You are in good hands with Term-Papers-College.com!

  Home
  Samples


  Subjects A-Z
  Guarantee


  Search
  Search Questions


  Custom Research
  Custom Questions


  Privacy
  International