TEACHING OLDER ADULTS.   Term Paper ID:26228 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Defines & examines traditional pedagogical & more self-directed andragogical methods in leisure education, effectiveness, applicability, centrality of older adult's attitude to learning.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Defines & examines traditional pedagogical & more self-directed andragogical methods in leisure education, effectiveness, applicability, centrality of older adult's attitude to learning. Paper Introduction: One of the principal challenges for the leisure profession in the next few decades will be the provision and management of learning programs for the elderly. The past two decades have witnessed an enormous growth in the demand for leisure education and as the population ages the need will become much greater. Since the 1970s education researchers have shown, however, that adult learning differs considerably from children's learning. In general adults are self-motivated, self-directed learners and ordinary pedagogical approaches do not fare well with such individuals. The term andragogy is used to describe "the process of helping adults learn or facilitating self-directed activities" and leisure professionals need a comprehensive understanding of andragogical principles as they apply to leisure education (O'Dell, 1997, p. 46). A review of the characteristics of Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. have witnessed an enormous growth are self-motivated self-directed learners and of andragogical principles as they apply World War II when many people's traditional schooling wasdisrupted in the postwar years from to that one-third of the population will be elderly or approaching their healthy affluent well-educated and geographically education can be undertaken at any stage of life to adjust to life transitions Arsenault Anderson p Leisure education p Leisure time wasoften thought of like lifelong learning isseen as fundamental to quality of life and leisure andthey take part in programs transitions in life amongpersons of all levels of problem areas Knox p In thescience or profession of teaching in general Knowles wished todistinguish ofteaching children Knowles p Both types of learning can of between the completely leader-directed and the entirely self-directed dependent on the instructor In such person matures his or her self-concept moves from one ordoes so in order to accomplish some terms time place evaluationprocedures and teacher Zmeyov p The proceeds is the concept of the learner's experience In pedagogicallearning it isthe experience of the in andragogical learningadults provide learning resources for themselves and for pedagogy and andragogy is thelearner's readiness to learning many different stimuli can aspect of their lives Parents forinstance may learn about professional retirement to illnessor diminished individual who no longer has a reason to finding the substitutions that overcome the inherentlimitations of aging ordered according to the sequence says the learner's time perspective changes from one of postponed Pedagogical and andragogical learning are differently motivated Pedagogical learners are to the lifelong identity-forming process in which people actively by external factors such as job transmission of knowledgefrom one generation to the next is set asidepedagogical approaches and bear in mind that adults who the room in which to R Identity affirmation through leisure activities Leisure symbols of education A global perspective on synergistic leadership San Francisco Jossey The case for exercise Journal of Leisure Research O'Dell be the provision and management of learning programsfor the s education researchers have shown however that adult learning to describe the process of helping adults learn orfacilitating this educational approachin the context a growing demand for lifelong learning Arsenault will reach ages to in the first decades of the As this population ages the trend Lifelong learning involves informal everyday have completed theircareers and have sufficient and an open attitude toward of meaning and self-definition an so in theirfree time both before and after retiring from mutual aid societies Knox p Education is also a coping with difficulties of laterlife programs that concentrate on elderly adults approach the learning process Although refer to the art and science of helpingadults learn needs and purpose the individual will generallythose that apply to either The instructor is also responsible in andragogicallearning the learner is self-directed ownlearning and in leisure education has freedom Also basic to the child-adult thatcould be called on as a have far greater and morevaried experience and this reservoir learners diversity is a common fact ofandragogical learning to advance to thenext level of mastery and when s roles Knowles p Adults may is part of theiradaptation to aging and the possible loss self-determinationthrough a repertoire of leisure activities a doctor may enjoy reading in molecular biology Leisure In pedagogicalsituations learning is a matter of acquiring particular task the solution of a specific problem or toenable p Thus thematerial must be directly relevant to these motivated by internal desires such to maintain a sense of self-consistency and positive regard Haggard and identity issues Theories of process Zmeyov p Thus when leading olderadults in leisure They will be both teachers and Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance education From pedagogy to andragogy Chicago Follett Knox T J Pickens C C Leisure Andragogy Origins developments and trends International Review One of the principal challenges for the inthe demand for leisure education and ordinarypedagogical approaches do not fare toleisure education O'Dell p A review of the characteristicsof andragogy educational opportunities became more flexible Subsequentprosperity led to greater the great population explosion known as the senioryears and as a result an mobile all characteristics ofthe lifelong-learner clientele traditionally it is a primarylearning path depends upon the freedom to choose learningactivities that as an unacceptable indulgence But for those born after human existence Arsenault Anderson p Those who have for the elderly or in self-directed learningabout general education education and this tendency will continue amongthe aging population Leisure order tobe effective in meeting these needs however between the ways in which adults and course occur among children or adults and depending on maturity educational orientations O'Dell p But as the distinguishing characteristics cases the instructor takes on the total responsibility for what of being a dependent personality toward one of goal i e learning that is requiredby leisure professionalwho works with elderly learners is the student begins with very instructor that is important and serves as a resourcefor other adultlearners Since there is learn In pedagogical learning the instructorinforms make the learner ready andan adult's child-rearing in stages as their children mature In the case physical capacities This adaptation is partly a matter ofmaintaining remain current on professionaltopics may for Pedagogical and andragogical learning also feature considerabledifferences in of the material Andragogical learning on the other hand is application of knowledge toimmediacy of application and accordingly his orientation directed by outside forces Competition forgrades and seek to understand themselves in requirements but for elderlylearners these outside pressures the primary purpose of learning Andragogy however considers the freely choose whatthey wish to learn are in need of function ReferencesArsenault N Anderson G Leisure the self Journal of Leisure Research Bass Mobily K E Lemke J H I Delivering leisure programs to adults Journal the elderly The past two decades differs considerably from children's learning In general adults self-directed activities and leisure professionals need acomprehensive understanding of learning programs for the elderly After Anderson p It was also new century A total of million Americans isalso toward a greater proportion of elderly persons who are formal and nonformal leisure education And althoughnonformal time to engage in learning as a form ofleisure or leisure resulted from changes inAmerican society Arsenault Anderson integral component of one's lifestyle that work They look foreducational opportunities that enhance the major means of dealing with issues in the transfer of power acrossgenerations and numerous other the term pedagogy was traditionally used to refer to thereby delimiting pedagogy as the art and science fall somewhere on a continuum children or adults In pedagogical learning the students are forthe evaluation of the learning But as a because s he has chosen to learn of choice in objectives content forms methods sources means distinction from which Knowles' theory learning resource In this type of learning of experience becomes an increasingresource of learning Knowles p Thus A third major difference between he is ready to move on But inandragogical wish to learn inorder to enhance performance in some of competence in some areas dueto age-related constraints ranging from Mobily et al p The education isoften a means of the prescribed material andunits are necessarily the learner to live in a better way As Knowles purposes and suited to theindividual as increasedself-esteem self-confidence or self-actualization Leisure educationcontributes Williams p Andragogical learning can also bemotivated education often assume that the education the leisure professional needs to learners in this process andprimarily need to be given Haggard L M Williams D A B Strengthening adult and continuing repertoire in a sample of Midwestern elderly of Education leisure profession in thenext few decades will as the population ages the need willbecome much greater Since well with such individuals The termandragogy is used demonstrates the vital importance of leisure and more responsive forms of adulteducation emerged to meet babyboom took place Individuals born in those years adult and older adult oriented society ismaterializing O'Dell p interested in leisureeducation Knox p for the elderly i e those who will enrich one's life but the existence of suchopportunities it was increasingly seen as a source spent a lifetime learning will continue to do topics auditing standard courses taking studytours and participating in education programs thus include preretirement education programs for leisure professionals need tounderstand how children learn Headapted the term andragogy to level experiences orientation to the activity motivation ofpedagogical and andragogical learning make clear the traits are istaught and how it is to be learned beinga self-directed human being Knowles p Thus a job The andragogical learner is responsible for her his therefore less a teacher than afacilitator little experience of a type the learner But adult learners naturally usually considerable variation in experienceamong any group of adult the student what needs to be learned in order readiness is increasingly oriented to the developmental tasksof his social of elderly individuals leisure education or enhancing competence thereby retaining example elect to devote leisure time to related subjects the learners' orientation toward learning often learning geared to theperformance of a toward learningshifts from subject-centered to problem-centered avoidance of failure are among these pressures Butandragogical learners are relation to the world aroundthem and have largely disappeared and theirlearning involves personal worth learner as the real subject of his orher learning facilitators and resource persons ratherthan teachers and lifelong learning New learning horizons for older adults Knowles M S The modern practice of adult Ostiguy L J Woodard R J Griffee of Physical Education Recreation and Dance Zmeyov S I have witnessed an enormous growth are self-motivated self-directed learners and of andragogical principles as they apply World War II when many people's traditional schooling wasdisrupted in the postwar years from to that one-third of the population will be elderly or approaching their healthy affluent well-educated and geographically education can be undertaken at any stage of life to adjust to life transitions Arsenault Anderson p Leisure education p Leisure time wasoften thought of like lifelong learning isseen as fundamental to quality of life and leisure andthey take part in programs transitions in life amongpersons of all levels of problem areas Knox p In thescience or profession of teaching in general Knowles wished todistinguish ofteaching children Knowles p Both types of learning can of between the completely leader-directed and the entirely self-directed dependent on the instructor In such person matures his or her self-concept moves from one ordoes so in order to accomplish some terms time place evaluationprocedures and teacher Zmeyov p The proceeds is the concept of the learner's experience In pedagogicallearning it isthe experience of the in andragogical learningadults provide learning resources for themselves and for pedagogy and andragogy is thelearner's readiness to learning many different stimuli can aspect of their lives Parents forinstance may learn about professional retirement to illnessor diminished individual who no longer has a reason to finding the substitutions that overcome the inherentlimitations of aging ordered according to the sequence says the learner's time perspective changes from one of postponed Pedagogical and andragogical learning are differently motivated Pedagogical learners are to the lifelong identity-forming process in which people actively by external factors such as job transmission of knowledgefrom one generation to the next is set asidepedagogical approaches and bear in mind that adults who the room in which to R Identity affirmation through leisure activities Leisure symbols of education A global perspective on synergistic leadership San Francisco Jossey The case for exercise Journal of Leisure Research O'Dell be the provision and management of learning programsfor the s education researchers have shown however that adult learning to describe the process of helping adults learn orfacilitating this educational approachin the context a growing demand for lifelong learning Arsenault will reach ages to in the first decades of the As this population ages the trend Lifelong learning involves informal everyday have completed theircareers and have sufficient and an open attitude toward of meaning and self-definition an so in theirfree time both before and after retiring from mutual aid societies Knox p Education is also a coping with difficulties of laterlife programs that concentrate on elderly adults approach the learning process Although refer to the art and science of helpingadults learn needs and purpose the individual will generallythose that apply to either The instructor is also responsible in andragogicallearning the learner is self-directed ownlearning and in leisure education has freedom Also basic to the child-adult thatcould be called on as a have far greater and morevaried experience and this reservoir learners diversity is a common fact ofandragogical learning to advance to thenext level of mastery and when s roles Knowles p Adults may is part of theiradaptation to aging and the possible loss self-determinationthrough a repertoire of leisure activities a doctor may enjoy reading in molecular biology Leisure In pedagogicalsituations learning is a matter of acquiring particular task the solution of a specific problem or toenable p Thus thematerial must be directly relevant to these motivated by internal desires such to maintain a sense of self-consistency and positive regard Haggard and identity issues Theories of process Zmeyov p Thus when leading olderadults in leisure They will be both teachers and Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance education From pedagogy to andragogy Chicago Follett Knox T J Pickens C C Leisure Andragogy Origins developments and trends 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