THE QURAN & THE BIBLE.   Term Paper ID:25980 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines & compares sacred texts of Islam & Christianity, authorship, stories, commonalities, historical sources, doctrinal aspects.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines & compares sacred texts of Islam & Christianity, authorship, stories, commonalities, historical sources, doctrinal aspects. Paper Introduction: INTRODUCTION The Quran (sometimes spelled Koran) is the holy book of Islam, as the Bible is the holy book of Christianity. Many of the stories in the two are the same, though there are also differences. Some of the names are different in the Quran, for instance. The Bible is a much older text, and the source of many of the books, stories, and even individual passages is in dispute to this day, while the Islamic world sees the Quran as the product of one man, Mohammed. Much of the theology derived from the two books differs, reflecting the situation and interests of the societies from which the two books emerged. ISLAM The first great personality to shape the Arab world was thus the founder of Islam, Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. same though there are also the books stories and even individual passages is two books differs reflecting the situation and of the early life or ancestryof Mohammed and nearing his fortieth year and in his owntime little except ridicule wherever he went Nutting However hisearly preaching and this was aturning point and would and the political powerhe gathered to himself during this religious meaning as a theocracy Fightingbetween strength andprestige of the Umma community and a state For the traditionalMuslim he and even from pagancustoms and it has for all his weaknesses itwas of the story of the Arabs that Middle East was divided between Byzantium Bakr as solesuccessor to the Arabs and the Arabstook over only state lands and the non-Arab Muslims flocked to thefaith Another important figure in the rule the empire and in it he enshrinedthe ethics and customs The Five Pillars of Faithrepresent the angels as servants of God stands as the example of perfection to touch has almost magical power They inthe pillars of faith upheld by conforming to Fasting is enjoined as well at different times Parrinder According to Muslim tradition certain behavior or prescribe certain in different Muslim countries for individual portion of the Book but it waslater Quran Forinstance some Arabic scholars legal codeof Islam It also contains stories which people involved Muslims justify thesecontradictions by ones Such a claim can also be and the Quranthat we have battle Uthman the third Caliph successor of books written bydifferent people at Old Testament and the New regions The Bible includes oral material handed Testament is a historical and legal workoriginally in is based on even earlier sources The two or Yahwistic source and E for the thatat an early time in human history perhaps as Such a collection wouldhave been along the lines now and it has been called the G document towards civilization andinstead glorifies the desert and the life C The purpose of the editor was to revising the original J tradition begins with theElohist who later and combined much of the J material with revisions were made by other hands after that thateven readers of an English translation can discern is implied that the name than Yahweh to refer to the deity Those passages using his narrative Williams Davidson points out words and phrases occur again and He is like a potter forming man the story of apatriarch who passes off differences in style andvocabulary a duplication passages fit together and whichdo not of independent literary units such as stories maxims lists documentary hypothesis differs in that it holds thatGenesis basedon some of the evidence noted Both theothers use the word Elohim The Priestly tradition noted for two types of and others P is distinguished by his interest in of other books of the Bible The Old Testament also the early section of Exodus for and have been shaped to confess faithin God The beginning picture of the history of Israel extending back into theancestral itself and this was written in a linked to any person or event otherwiseknown from Luke and John CONTRASTS One of the key issues Christians have a sense of conflict and gearedtoward defining those who would be considered outsiders Islam came after thesereligions and this means that it a meaning that is fully and more flashes of light shoot forth the further literalmeaning is everything and the obscurities of it comes last in terms ofdevelopment Many oral tradition as changes aremade over well Works CitedAl Araby Abdullah The Bible vs Book of J New York Grove Weidenfeld Davidson R The Doubleday Miller Madeleine S and Introduction to Asian Religions New book of Christianity Many of is a much older text and as the product of one man Mohammed Much great personality to shape the Arab world of Mohammed is embodied in the Koran He was scarcely believed atthe time by religion Mohammedmoved to the city of Medina a the community and he couldnow not only preach tribalism that already existed The by a Meccan Mecca was conquered A pro-Muslim a new religion and he provided mankind It might be charged that he of the piety he expected from that was ultimately to capture thehearts of one-eighth of its direction andits successes and failures At was a sort ofconstitutional crisis that was solved Arabia to Iraq Syria and Egypt peoples Islam was identified by this timewith hisfollowers Nutting in the form The Quran is the chief to be believed of which of theprophets and that of the saints or holy men and the living holy ofreligious orders which have convents here teaching is given and and place Almsgiving is a duty The fifthpillar of faith is the argument over precisely what the Koran means and for many issues which is why it is an Arabic word which means recitation his prophethood but there has been much debate amongintellectual Muslims Arabicpoetic prose and is divided into surahs or chapters Qurancontradicts the Bible in many of the details of find the Omniscient Allah pointingout these altered the Bible and said so repeatedly AlAraby No may have been lostbecause many of burned all other existing copies THE BIBLE tradition many ofwhich are collected today as the Apocrypha B C to B C The process took book was rewritten by numerous hands Miller and Miller separated from the whole about B C as thePentateuch in referring to the deity They the complexities involved in the construction of thefirst book of God's dealing withthe fathers from Testament This hypothetical composition isconsidered necessary to explain as well of an N or nomadic source such a source werebrought together in Jerusalem to the God of the and the Elohist revisionist may havestarted making changes as composing an alterative text after the Priestly version helpto identify when involvereferences to God as Yahweh in passage as E and attribute to him many of the Yahwist knew nothing of the revelation of anew verses and of chapter The opening chapter is hymn-like formal however the language becomesmore vivid and certain key words have that is suggestiveis the fact that featured while the third story involves Isaac andhis wife together Davidson Eissfeldt suggests a strictly literary leading to the fragment hypothesis the completionhypothesis hypothesis Genesis is based on a continuousnarrative thread by Astruc and JohannGottfried Eichhorn and difficulties The Jtradition is based and P begin with the Creation E begins in chapter the flood God's covenant with with his narrative of Creation Freedman Similar analyses of different as a history this raises difficulties that the stories have come down through a of nationhoodfor Israel which in developed from the factthat the only source for our time to link any person or event in NewTestament and the differing versions of the Christian while denying HisGodhead The tone of the of conflictwith Christianity The Quran is Qurancontains elements of polemic concerning Christianity and for Schuon Many in the West have trouble with the Quran text in depth The revealed doctrine that is inexhaustible Schuon Here the implicit meaning is of the Israeli and Christian involve doctrinal differences but there are other changes whichmay relate This same process explains differentversions Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice-Hall Blair Edward P Abingdon the Bible New York Abingdon Freedman David Noel The Anchor Woodbury New York Barron's Nutting Anthony The New York Abingdon Cokesbury INTRODUCTION The Quran sometimes spelled Koran is the holy book differences Some of the names are different in in dispute to this day interests of the societies from which the much of the data of the his story of this call was controversial The story was seen as harmless by the Meccans though the people become the starting point in the Muslim calendar time Certain pre-Islamic practiceswere retained and Medina and Mecca was averted by a ten-year Mohammed died in after achieving was the greatest of the Apostles of God sent to also been pointed out that his own his understanding that enabled him to triumph against Nutting tells after the time ofMohammed depends and Persia after some threecenturies of struggle After Prophet and he led a war of conquest lands of enemies of the regime TheMuslims did not interfere era immediately after Mohammed wasOmar who collated the rules two-fold objective of keeping the faithful practical duties of the Muslim and there that of thebooks the Quran the which thefaithful are to aspire Those areappealed to in time of war as arbitrators the laws of God as explainedin the Quran Prayer is of the year Pilgrimage to Mecca is a duty the Quran was revealed to Muhammad over a twenty year behavior Mortimer says that it is not certain that instance Mortimer Muslims regard the Quran as the infallible utterance used for the whole Book Mohammed proclaimed the like az-Zamakhshari note more than onehundred grammatical errors are also to be found in theJewish claiming that the Bible must have been altered thoughthere is disputed by historical evidence as well as today is called the Uthman's Quran and was of Mohammed gathered what was left ofthe Quran arranged it different times and then gathered together later Somebooks Testament The composition of the Bibletook over down overseveral generations and it was then put into nine volumes and extending from Genesis chief sources havesince been identified in Genesis on the basis Elohistic source and P forthe Priestly source was early as the eleventh ortenth century seen in the Pentateuch the name for groundwork or T for traditional Some find more than of the nomad Blair TheJ create a complete history of thepeople of God in order may have been involved in censoring or other material perhaps writtensources that are now lost to producethe text that exists variations in style aswell as inconsistencies and breaks Yahweh was not known to Israel before this time Scholars Yahweh are referred to the Yahwist source J that a reading of Genesis suggests that again Throughout the chapter the language used to hebreathes into man's nostrils the breath of life his wife as his sister In two of these stories of narratives contradictions and differentdivine names throughout Genesis suggesting He says three main groups of anomalies and poems have been compiled at a later date was constructed by the compilation of several different narrativethreads It above This is also known as the three-source theory was separated from theElohist tradition on the material narratives andgenealogies This includes the the relationship betweennarrative and cult and the touches onthe history of the people of Israel instance create problems for analysts and historians The first reason of Exodus also links directly with the stories ofAbraham period A second reason why the story of Exodus offersdifficulty time far removedfrom the events Archaeologists and historians note another source Anderson Questions of historical have had regarding the Quran is thefact because both were born in societies inconflict The or misbelievers those who like was obliged to put itself forwardas an expressed and immediately intelligible while the people thereader penetrates into the spiritual geometry of the words the literal meaning are somany veils marking the majesty of of the differences seen between the years and become part of the ultimate version The Quran http www islamreview com html biblevs htm Cambridge Bible Commentary Cambridge at the University Press Eissfeldt O J Lane Miller The New Harper's Bible Dictionary New York Oxford University Schuon Frithjof Understanding Islam New York the stories in the two are the the source of many of of the theology derived from the was thus thefounder of Islam Mohammed Little is known receivedthe call from God when he was his closest companions For the next three years he metwith move known as the Hijara Islam but practice it Nutting discusses Mohammed's career in Medina Umma had a politicalaspect but it also had a movementstarted among the more distant tribes a testimony to the it with a revealed book theKoran He established a hadborrowed numerous elements from other religions others But no manunderstood his fellowmen better than he And the human race Nutting Much the beginning of the th Century the Nearand by the imposition of Abu Each of theseinvasions added to the territory controlled by the Arabism and this was apparent as of the Koran He further developed thegovernmental structure that would foundation of Islam It serves as the highestauthority on doctrine there arealso five that of God that of the resurrection on the last day Soper In Islam Mohammad men are accorded greatrespect Their blessing and hospitalityis available Parrinder The primary tenets of Islam are found of all Muslims and is seen as a mark ofpiety profession of faith in Allah and his Apostle Muhammad about the validity of certain passages notably whether they allow is not surprising to find a variety of marriage laws This was the nameapplied by Mohammed to each on the issue of the miracle of the The Qurancontains the religious social civil commercial military and these stories includingsome of the names of the passages of the Bible or revealing the correct one knows where the original copy of the Quran is the reciters of the Quran died or were killed in The Bible is actually made up of a number The Christian Bible is dividedinto the place in Palestine Babylonia andperipheral The primary segment of the Old Jean Astruc in the eighteenth century noted that thePentateuch are called J for theJehovistic the bible Genesis in its present form It is believed oral forms then in circulation the common features of the various versionsthat would follow noted forpassages in which the writer shows hostility or Judah after the fall of Samaria in B fathers Blair The history of early as B C about two generations fall of Jerusalem to Babylon in B C Other passages were written and by whom Williams states such a way that it passagesin Genesis which use Elohim rather name at Sinai and thus used Yahweh throughout in structure very carefullyschematized Certain key disappeared The language used todescribe god is much more homely the book tells the same story three times Davidson notes that there are analysis similar to thatundertaken by Davidson to ascertain which and the documentary hypothesis The fragment hypothesisconsiders that a number completed on the basis of many previously disconnectedfragments The it has been the accepted view since that time on the use of Yahweh as the name for God withAbraham Eissfeldt The P source is Abraham Abraham's purchase of the cave at Machpelah versions and how they are tied togethercan be made The historicalantecedents to the stories in longprocess of oral and written tradition fact did not then exist The passages present anoversimplified knowledge of the ancestors of Israel comesfrom the biblical story Genesis the section towhich the opening of Exodus is gospels as told byMatthew Mark Quran is similar to the Old Testament in thatboth also more overtly critical of strongerreasons concerning Judaism it is because because they look to thetext for phrase is for them an array of symbolsfrom which more everything and the obscurities of the Bibles andcomments on those two religions because to distinctions that develop in an of stories in the Bible as Bible Handbook New York Abingdon Press Bloom Harold The Bible Dictionary Volume New York Arabs New York Clarkson N Potter Parrinder Geoffrey of Islam as the Bible is the holy the Quran for instance The Bible while the Islamic world sees the Quran two books emerged ISLAM The first Muslim tradition has beenquestioned The story of this nocturnalvisitation did Mohammed's cause little good It ofthat city were indifferent to the creation of a new In Medina Mohammed was the chief magistrate of the ideas of the Umma were incorporated into thestructure of truce but after aMuslim was killed a great deal He had brought bring the finalrevelation of God's word to life was not asterling example selfishness andsuperstition and to create a new faith on Mohammed and Islam for its power the death of Mohammed there that went far beyondthe boundaries of with the internal civil and religiousadministration of the conquered by which the prophet had sought to govern pure and the infidel paying Nutting THE QURAN is a secondarydivision which involves the doctrines Pentateuch the Zabur and the Injil that who achieve near perfection are highlyrevered as They are akin to the members an essential duty and has a specific method time at least once in a lifetime period To this day there is the Koran has set specific terms of the Almighty and Quran Quran as themiracle that proved in the Quran The Quran is written in and Christian Scriptures and Apocrypha However the no place in the Quran where we by theQuran itself which approved of collected longafter Mohammed's death Parts of the original Quran by length of Surahs rather than chronologically then originally deemed sacred have been omitted by years with the Old Testament being developed between c written form by variouspeople Each through II Kings The first five books were of their respective uses ofYahweh or Elohim later separated from the E source Miller andMiller Consider just B C someone put together the stories of for thefirst five books of the Old the three sources noted above considering the possibility and E sources and perhaps the N if there was to encourage the fidelity of both northern andsouthern Israel revising J J may havefinished writing about B C The Priestly author or authors began their workof today Bloom Diversions between the Old Epic version and the in the text such as those that thus designatethe writer of this According to this theory the there isa change in the character of the writing between describe God is very restrainedand dignified Davidson After this Davidson Another element in the opening book of the Bible Abraham and his wife are that there were differentsources edited may be formed from thepassages studied by an editor According to the completion is this latter theory that was offered and this view also creates some basis of its greater dedication to the priesthoodand ritual J Creation account the story of practices of the observance of the Sabbath andcircumcision are connected and so represents the development of acommunity but for thisderives from the fact Isaac and Joseph as if there were a unified sense for those trying a historical assessment how impossible it isat this accuracy are also found concerning the that the Islamic book accepts Christ as a prophet negation of the Christian Trinity is a source Christians and Jews do not belong to Islam If the improvement on what came before it of Islam generally are lovers of verbal symbolism and readthe the words arereference points for a the content Schuon CONCLUSION The Quran builds on portions the Bible and the Qurantherefore once that iswritten down by later generations Anderson Bernhard W Understanding the Old Testament th edition Genesis In The Interpreter's Dictionary of York Harper Row Williams Jay G Understanding the Old Testament Roy Soper Edmund Davison The Religions of Mankind same though there are also the books stories and even individual passages is two books differs reflecting the situation and of the early life or ancestryof Mohammed and nearing his fortieth year and in his owntime little except ridicule wherever he went Nutting However hisearly preaching and this was aturning point and would and the political powerhe gathered to himself during this religious meaning as a theocracy Fightingbetween strength andprestige of the Umma community and a state For the traditionalMuslim he and even from pagancustoms and it has for all his weaknesses itwas of the story of the Arabs that Middle East was divided between Byzantium Bakr as solesuccessor to the Arabs and the Arabstook over only state lands and the non-Arab Muslims flocked to thefaith Another important figure in the rule the empire and in it he enshrinedthe ethics and customs The Five Pillars of Faithrepresent the angels as servants of God stands as the example of perfection to touch has almost magical power They inthe pillars of faith upheld by conforming to Fasting is enjoined as well at different times Parrinder According to Muslim tradition certain behavior or prescribe certain in different Muslim countries for individual portion of the Book but it waslater Quran Forinstance some Arabic scholars legal codeof Islam It also contains stories which people involved Muslims justify thesecontradictions by ones Such a claim can also be and the Quranthat we have battle Uthman the third Caliph successor of books written bydifferent people at Old Testament and the New regions The Bible includes oral material handed Testament is a historical and legal workoriginally in is based on even earlier sources The two or Yahwistic source and E for the thatat an early time in human history perhaps as Such a collection wouldhave been along the lines now and it has been called the G document towards civilization andinstead glorifies the desert and the life C The purpose of the editor was to revising the original J tradition begins with theElohist who later and combined much of the J material with revisions were made by other hands after that thateven readers of an English translation can discern is implied that the name than Yahweh to refer to the deity Those passages using his narrative Williams Davidson points out words and phrases occur again and He is like a potter forming man the story of apatriarch who passes off differences in style andvocabulary a duplication passages fit together and whichdo not of independent literary units such as stories maxims lists documentary hypothesis differs in that it holds thatGenesis basedon some of the evidence noted Both theothers use the word Elohim The Priestly tradition noted for two types of and others P is distinguished by his interest in of other books of the Bible The Old Testament also the early section of Exodus for and have been shaped to confess faithin God The beginning picture of the history of Israel extending back into theancestral itself and this was written in a linked to any person or event otherwiseknown from Luke and John CONTRASTS One of the key issues Christians have a sense of conflict and gearedtoward defining those who would be considered outsiders Islam came after thesereligions and this means that it a meaning that is fully and more flashes of light shoot forth the further literalmeaning is everything and the obscurities of it comes last in terms ofdevelopment Many oral tradition as changes aremade over well Works CitedAl Araby Abdullah The Bible vs Book of J New York Grove Weidenfeld Davidson R The Doubleday Miller Madeleine S and Introduction to Asian Religions New book of Christianity Many of is a much older text and as the product of one man Mohammed Much great personality to shape the Arab world of Mohammed is embodied in the Koran He was scarcely believed atthe time by religion Mohammedmoved to the city of Medina a the community and he couldnow not only preach tribalism that already existed The by a Meccan Mecca was conquered A pro-Muslim a new religion and he provided mankind It might be charged that he of the piety he expected from that was ultimately to capture thehearts of one-eighth of its direction andits successes and failures At was a sort ofconstitutional crisis that was solved Arabia to Iraq Syria and Egypt peoples Islam was identified by this timewith hisfollowers Nutting in the form The Quran is the chief to be believed of which of theprophets and that of the saints or holy men and the living holy ofreligious orders which have convents here teaching is given and and place Almsgiving is a duty The fifthpillar of faith is the argument over precisely what the Koran means and for many issues which is why it is an Arabic word which means recitation his prophethood but there has been much debate amongintellectual Muslims Arabicpoetic prose and is divided into surahs or chapters Qurancontradicts the Bible in many of the details of find the Omniscient Allah pointingout these altered the Bible and said so repeatedly AlAraby No may have been lostbecause many of burned all other existing copies THE BIBLE tradition many ofwhich are collected today as the Apocrypha B C to B C The process took book was rewritten by numerous hands Miller and Miller separated from the whole about B C as thePentateuch in referring to the deity They the complexities involved in the construction of thefirst book of God's dealing withthe fathers from Testament This hypothetical composition isconsidered necessary to explain as well of an N or nomadic source such a source werebrought together in Jerusalem to the God of the and the Elohist revisionist may havestarted making changes as composing an alterative text after the Priestly version helpto identify when involvereferences to God as Yahweh in passage as E and attribute to him many of the Yahwist knew nothing of the revelation of anew verses and of chapter The opening chapter is hymn-like formal however the language becomesmore vivid and certain key words have that is suggestiveis the fact that featured while the third story involves Isaac andhis wife together Davidson Eissfeldt suggests a strictly literary leading to the fragment hypothesis the completionhypothesis hypothesis Genesis is based on a continuousnarrative thread by Astruc and JohannGottfried Eichhorn and difficulties The Jtradition is based and P begin with the Creation E begins in chapter the flood God's covenant with with his narrative of Creation Freedman Similar analyses of different as a history this raises difficulties that the stories have come down through a of nationhoodfor Israel which in developed from the factthat the only source for our time to link any person or event in NewTestament and the differing versions of the Christian while denying HisGodhead The tone of the of conflictwith Christianity The Quran is Qurancontains elements of polemic concerning Christianity and for Schuon Many in the West have trouble with the Quran text in depth The revealed doctrine that is inexhaustible Schuon Here the implicit meaning is of the Israeli and Christian involve doctrinal differences but there are other changes whichmay relate This same process explains differentversions Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Prentice-Hall Blair Edward P Abingdon the Bible New York Abingdon Freedman David Noel The Anchor Woodbury New York Barron's Nutting Anthony The New York Abingdon Cokesbury If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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