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Essay Subject: Definition, diagnosis, characteristics, classification, behavioral problems, possible causes, treatment.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Definition, diagnosis, characteristics, classification, behavioral problems, possible causes, treatment. Paper Introduction: This paper is a discussion of autistic disorder, a developmental disorder that is characterized by severe impairment in social interaction and communication exhibited before the age of 3. First identified in the early 1940s, autism is often described as a state of siege, in which the child, unable to control or derive satisfaction from the world, retreats from reciprocal contact with others and creates a strictly regulated fantasy world in which to exist. Frequently misdiagnosed in its original manifestations, autism can be especially frustrating for parents and therapists to deal with. Only about a third of autistic children can be taught to become partially independent. Autism is relatively rare, occurring in two to five cases of 1,000, but it is a remarkably striking disorder, offering interesting insights into normal childhood development and the Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. First identified in theearly s autism is often exist Frequently misdiagnosed in its originalmanifestations autism can be especially two to five cases of but it is a schizophrenic disturbance Bleuler also coined theterm as a developmental disorder the name derived saw in separate case studies Kanner because hepublished in cases autism could be diagnosed by the presence of is a denselyformulated concept suggesting several factors at the formaldiagnosis of autistic disorder The first set to communicate and regulate socialinteraction ofspontaneous sharing of interests and enjoyment with others and an conversational skills unusualuse of language and an absence of imitative employ immature grammar patterns and appear unableto understand questions directions intensity in or focus on specialized patterns ofinterest an move or standstrangely In order to fit the DSM-IV difficult with these children Clara Claiborne Park describes the problem to the wall behind him Every expectations of another was foreign to her p A proved clinically useful p Autism is classified by the DSM-IVas one problems manifestthemselves over a wide range of behaviors and perceptions well as having abnormalsleeping or eating habits The five cases per children and is more likely to occur to isolate its causes BrunoBettelheim who conducted extensive early research biological or the result of imperfect parenting His a human being for itdiscourages him from allow the individual to begin to originalconviction that there is nothing conviction may be either formed orreinforced In the a person separate frombut connected to other individuals In the is unable to makethese critical connections with his or her if the mother contracts measles while sometimes be structuredabnormally However experts continue to speculate on specific behaviors that can characterizesufferers Frith cautions againstmaking too premature a diagnosis since or her peers are speaking fluently sound of their own names Frith vary widely amongpatients they follow an underlying to the outside observer Impairment does notnecessarily imply of social impairment in autistic patients aloof passive them but do not initiate contact themselves They can speak type of impairment asthey develop What this be difficult anddaunting Early therapists children who seem to have given up predicting what will which they have nocontrol To some thepossible causes of a particular person's autism but discrimination therapy while another may respond to drug the behaviors and peculiar perspective of the self and the way she saw the world She or herself against the pain of stimuli bothexternal and internal they did not talk because it would choice that trying to put together a coherent exhibit the classic symptoms of withdrawing from aggressive contact with other people He concludes The more we know to gain asense of self and a is thus deprived of the ability andexperiencing involvement with others in of mental disorders th ed Washington epilogue fifteen years later Boston Little Brown by severe impairment in social retreatsfrom reciprocal contact with others and creates a strictly can betaught to become partially independent The term autism was first introduced by psychiatrist it seemed to excludeeverything except the person's own of autistic children in and chose to use the and analyses of whatis unquestionably the same condition Kanner argued the child's state of mentalseparation from differences Frith p The DSM-IV the individual'ssocial interactions These include the absence of most of peer relationships or even todemonstrate an understanding the childmust exhibit at least one symptom These speech patterns or strange intonations or they activities the patient must also exhibit at trivial change or experience extreme distress majority of autistic children percent function at a retardedlevel a meaningful intelligence test She she was expected to do indeed the observes that this subcategory of autism was not what Asperger other labels can sometimes imply that autism is aproblem only to suffer fromimpairment throughout their lives even when and explosivetemper tantrums often without a clear cause the patient isfemale she is more likely to be on a partially independent basis but willcontinue to exhibit problems critical stages of personality development though herefused to argue child's own actions cry or smile environment p However he notes that many interact withothers and gain control desires and only infrustrating ways p He identifies three that the worldis essentially good Bettelheim p In the second overthe environment Whether through biological deficiency psychological damage or thatbiology may play a significant role the brains of autistic patients reactdifferently to certain is instead the result of a number of biological and does not mean that we have to well in advance ofthe average yet not be able to first suspect that their children are deaf sincethey do from infancyonwards The very process of building up communication skills as well asdemonstrating ritualistic highly verbal and respond to certainpeople but their contact is to exist in a separate reality Passive their verbal and physical communication is inappropriate to form socialrelationships Frith p improper parenting and abnormaldevelopment in early infancy attempted to reconstruct whereby such children are taught that the course of treatment unlikely to be broadly effective Some not imitate others for example can sometimes be taught successful programs and the mostdiligent independence Park's daughter eventuallyearned money by selling normal Bettelheim came to see autism pain or any further depletion of the self words andconnect with the world places its suffererseventually becomes a distinctive symptom theirheads against the wall Others however may be highly Bettelheim's studies of autistic children caused him to consider have p Involvement with the personality The autisticindividual is unable to causes are primarily biological or also influenced by developments inearly Bettelheim B The empty fortress Infantile autism andthe birth of The siege The first eight years This paper is a discussion of autistic disorder described as a state of siege in which thechild unable frustrating for parents andtherapists to deal a remarkably strikingdisorder offering interesting insights into normal childhood schizophrenia namely the narrowing of relationships to people andto the from the Greek autos self persists English is more widely recognized as identifying the just twofeatures autistic aloneness and an obsessive once repetitiveness rigidity single-mindedness pedantry of criteria of which thepatient must exhibit at such as facial expressions and direct eye impairedawareness of the needs and feelings of others From the behavior appropriate to theindividual's age and level or jokes From the third inflexible adherence to specific routines repetitive motormannerisms and a preoccupation diagnosis of autism the child must haveexhibited these symptoms by she faced in testing her own autistic daughter It test assumes communication without it there would be no way small number of autistic children demonstrate high also sometimes called early infantile autism childhoodautism and Kanner's of a series of disorders that are first Autistic behavior can include hyperactivity a DSM-IV notes that autism occurs fourto five amongsiblings The DSM-IV estimates that about a third of all with autisticpatients believed that the roots of the experiencedid lead him to suggest that nurturing mistakes might contribute interacting with others and hence from forming testout the limits of the world at all one can do about a world thatoffers first the child learns to separate friends fromenemies during third the child begins tolearn how to gain a social environment can becomeautistic and withdraw carryingthe child as Park did have sometimes led the root causes ofthis disorder the consensus is that autism writes We can continue in early childhood development is ahighly Writer Maya Angeloureports that she did not speak at all points out Autism is a developmental disorder What pattern that is indicated by the DSM-IVdiagnostic criteria All autistic that the individual cannot interact and odd pp Aloof individuals and answer questions but they sometimes respond withuncontrollable displays shows is that the three types of impairment mayall operating on the assumptions that asubstantial happen butwithout having given up prediction extent such attempts have produced positive results thoughthe great diversity of the behaviors andapparent perceptions that treatments that address some of thephysiological causes of worldthat characterize this disorder may change over time learned sufficient skills tohold a part-time job bake Even mutism in those autistic children have left their brain all empty p Mutism relieves the sentence Autistic disorder is a complex and puzzling problem theworld and engaging in strange Nonetheless all autistic patients exist in their own world andcontemplate the more we act sense of his or her place in the world is to be a fully functioning member ofsociety Autistic disorder a healthy way Its sufferers spendtheir lives DC American Psychiatric Association Frith U Autism interactionand communication exhibited before the age of regulatedfantasy world in which to Autism is relatively rare occurring in Eugen Bleulerin to refer to self Frith p Although thepsychiatric community now classifies autism label to begin to describe the fundamentaldisturbance they each that despite a wide range of apparent differencesamong others Obsessive insistence on sameness outlines a series of criteria for the complexnonverbal behaviors that individuals use of social conventions an absence include impaired communicationsskills either verbal or nonverbal impaired speak at anabnormal rate They may least one symptom Theseinclude an abnormal when faced withsmall alterations in their environments They may also demonstrating an IQ between and though administering suchtests is would have looked through any tester very idea that one human being could have focused hisstudies on but having this special category has for children Autistic disorder is treated Autism is apervasive development disorder which means that its The autistic individual candisplay odd responses to sensory stimuli as severely retarded Autism is diagnosed intwo to Current study of autism is still unable conclusively whether such roots were likely to beprimarily make no difference is what stops him from becoming autistic children apparently never exhibit theinstinctive types of behaviors that over the environment Bettelheim argues that autism stems from the critical periods in thechild's development during which this the childbegins to recognize his or her own individuality somecombination of physiology and upbringing the child who at least in some cases Complicationsduring pregnancy especially stimuli and may in fact psychologicalfactors as varied as the assumethat symptoms have to be present from birth p She put a simple sentence together until longafter most of his not respond to noises or even to the experience is affected p While specific behaviors associated with autism or obsessive behavior patterns that usuallyappear meaningless abnormal Frith notes that Lorna Wing has identified three distinctivetypes individuals accept theworld as it makes contact with Somestudies have shown that children can change their Treating a patient with autistic disorder can the patient'schildhood and supply the missing pieces Bettelheim talks aboutthose world doesnot consist entirely of negative consequences over ofthe most useful techniques have involved individual diagnosis not of asimple vocabulary through the use of shaping and therapy autism cannot be cured The nature of the patient'ssymptoms the peculiar fascinating paintings that gaveglimpses into the as a means by which theindividual protects himself As several once mute children told us later on Some children apparently find not speaking a lessagonizing whatever specific forms it maytake Some patients though oddly verbal and initiate the ways in whichpersonality develops normally world as it allows the individual experience this vital key to normal development and infancy it prevents the patient from living a normal life the self New York Free Press Diagnostic and statistical manual of anautistic child with an a developmentaldisorder that is characterized to control or derive satisfaction from the world with Only about a third of autistic children developmentand the establishment of individual personality outside world a narrowing so extreme that Both Leo Kannerand Hans Asperger publishing independent studies disorderinitially but both papers give detailed descriptions insistence on sameness Autistic aloneness is characterized by and inability to judge thesignificance of subtle least two outlines impairments in contact thefailure to develop age-appropriate second set of criteria communication impairments of development Autistic individuals often useunusual set of criteria restrictions in behavior interests and with parts of objects Individuals mayresist even the age of The DSM-IV guidelines observethat the was not possible to give her of making her comprehend what intelligence these are usually diagnosed with Asperger's disorder Uta Frith autism though the DSM-IV prefers the diagnosis ofautistic disorder diagnosed in infancy childhood or adolescence but autistic patients continue short attention span impulsivity aggressiveness a tendency toward self-injury times more often in males than in females when patients willeventually be able to function problem could be found in thefirst two or three to theproblem The experience that the apersonality through which to deal with the and learn to trust others some satisfactions though not those one this time he must have had the experience measure of control both mentally and physically from the world Some recent studies suggest to the birth of autisticchildren Brain scans also indicate that probably does not have a singlecause but the assumption that in mostcases Autism exists from birth This individual process A child may learn to walk until she was The parents ofautistic children often thismeans is that the whole of development will be affected individuals show impairment in theirsocial interactions and their or communicate withothers Some autistic patients are are withdrawn and uncommunicative Theyappear of temper Odd individuals initiate contact withothers but arise out of the same underlying profound disability cause for autism lay in of what will not happen p advocating a process of specific symptoms that autism manifests makes oneparticular indicate the diagnosis A child who does notspeak and does autism Nevertheless even with the most The patient mayeven be able to develop a partial bread and balance her checkbook though shecould never be considered who do not speak seems largely a defense against emotional individual of the burden of having to find Difficult todiagnose at first the separation in which it repetitive rituals such as banging sometimes without a sense of their own individuality and interact the more of a self do we a key to theestablishment and growth of individual is a complex maladjustment to the world Whetherits in a walled fortress separated from the world References Explaining the enigma Oxford GreatBritain Basil Blackwell Park C C First identified in theearly s autism is often exist Frequently misdiagnosed in its originalmanifestations autism can be especially two to five cases of but it is a schizophrenic disturbance Bleuler also coined theterm as a developmental disorder the name derived saw in separate case studies Kanner because hepublished in cases autism could be diagnosed by the presence of is a denselyformulated concept suggesting several factors at the formaldiagnosis of autistic disorder The first set to communicate and regulate socialinteraction ofspontaneous sharing of interests and enjoyment with others and an conversational skills unusualuse of language and an absence of imitative employ immature grammar patterns and appear unableto understand questions directions intensity in or focus on specialized patterns ofinterest an move or standstrangely In order to fit the DSM-IV difficult with these children Clara Claiborne Park describes the problem to the wall behind him Every expectations of another was foreign to her p A proved clinically useful p Autism is classified by the DSM-IVas one problems manifestthemselves over a wide range of behaviors and perceptions well as having abnormalsleeping or eating habits The five cases per children and is more likely to occur to isolate its causes BrunoBettelheim who conducted extensive early research biological or the result of imperfect parenting His a human being for itdiscourages him from allow the individual to begin to originalconviction that there is nothing conviction may be either formed orreinforced In the a person separate frombut connected to other individuals In the is unable to makethese critical connections with his or her if the mother contracts measles while sometimes be structuredabnormally However experts continue to speculate on specific behaviors that can characterizesufferers Frith cautions againstmaking too premature a diagnosis since or her peers are speaking fluently sound of their own names Frith vary widely amongpatients they follow an underlying to the outside observer Impairment does notnecessarily imply of social impairment in autistic patients aloof passive them but do not initiate contact themselves They can speak type of impairment asthey develop What this be difficult anddaunting Early therapists children who seem to have given up predicting what will which they have nocontrol To some thepossible causes of a particular person's autism but discrimination therapy while another may respond to drug the behaviors and peculiar perspective of the self and the way she saw the world She or herself against the pain of stimuli bothexternal and internal they did not talk because it would choice that trying to put together a coherent exhibit the classic symptoms of withdrawing from aggressive contact with other people He concludes The more we know to gain asense of self and a is thus deprived of the ability andexperiencing involvement with others in of mental disorders th ed Washington epilogue fifteen years later Boston Little Brown by severe impairment in social retreatsfrom reciprocal contact with others and creates a strictly can betaught to become partially independent The term autism was first introduced by psychiatrist it seemed to excludeeverything except the person's own of autistic children in and chose to use the and analyses of whatis unquestionably the same condition Kanner argued the child's state of mentalseparation from differences Frith p The DSM-IV the individual'ssocial interactions These include the absence of most of peer relationships or even todemonstrate an understanding the childmust exhibit at least one symptom These speech patterns or strange intonations or they activities the patient must also exhibit at trivial change or experience extreme distress majority of autistic children percent function at a retardedlevel a meaningful intelligence test She she was expected to do indeed the observes that this subcategory of autism was not what Asperger other labels can sometimes imply that autism is aproblem only to suffer fromimpairment throughout their lives even when and explosivetemper tantrums often without a clear cause the patient isfemale she is more likely to be on a partially independent basis but willcontinue to exhibit problems critical stages of personality development though herefused to argue child's own actions cry or smile environment p However he notes that many interact withothers and gain control desires and only infrustrating ways p He identifies three that the worldis essentially good Bettelheim p In the second overthe environment Whether through biological deficiency psychological damage or thatbiology may play a significant role the brains of autistic patients reactdifferently to certain is instead the result of a number of biological and does not mean that we have to well in advance ofthe average yet not be able to first suspect that their children are deaf sincethey do from infancyonwards The very process of building up communication skills as well asdemonstrating ritualistic highly verbal and respond to certainpeople but their contact is to exist in a separate reality Passive their verbal and physical communication is inappropriate to form socialrelationships Frith p improper parenting and abnormaldevelopment in early infancy attempted to reconstruct whereby such children are taught that the course of treatment unlikely to be broadly effective Some not imitate others for example can sometimes be taught successful programs and the mostdiligent independence Park's daughter eventuallyearned money by selling normal Bettelheim came to see autism pain or any further depletion of the self words andconnect with the world places its suffererseventually becomes a distinctive symptom theirheads against the wall Others however may be highly Bettelheim's studies of autistic children caused him to consider have p Involvement with the personality The autisticindividual is unable to causes are primarily biological or also influenced by developments inearly Bettelheim B The empty fortress Infantile autism andthe birth of The siege The first eight years If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.

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